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第59章 结论

从大学课程中对国际背景的更大的关注上、从学生对其他文化的专注中,已产生出许多好的东西,它们养成了对差异的更多的宽容,发现了各国在客观地和不带偏见地追求知识的过程中有一种共同的目标。在使用信息和通讯技术去提高学生的学习成绩、去向那些不能进入常规的大学校园学习的人提供更多的受教育的机会方面,已经获得了很大的好处。可是,必须注意保持那些在教与学的实践中有价值的东西,尤其是深入细致的对话(这种对话在较小的“大众市场”的环境中是可能的)。但自相矛盾的是,要做好教学工作也许只能通过更熟练和有效地使用一些技术的手段,而这些技术却又威胁到“一位老师对多个学生”(one-to-many)的讲课方式。

可是,不可避免的是,西方的教与学的模式通过新技术的传播(这些技术已使得全球化成为可能),将最终胜过那些在西方国家以外所能见到的教学方式。主要的推进者将是全球性经营的商业性的出版公司,还有开发和出口大型系统软件的一些技术公司。更具有讽刺意味的是,全球化将会一直受到某些大的公立和非盈利性的大学的商业行为的帮助与支持,这些大学为了回应政府的要求(即要求大学更少一些“公立性”,更多一些“盈利性”),极其需要寻找新的收入。

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§§索引

(条目后的数字为英文原书页码)学术的(academ ic)资本主义(capitalism),54-57,66观望(drif t),136自由(f reedom),4,5,19角色(role),177-179部落(t ribes),66

鉴定(accreditation),43

鉴定委员会(美国)(Accreditation Board)(US),41

责任(accountability),16-21,57,73

非洲(Africa),22-23

年龄人口参与率(Age Participation Rate),16

《有关国际知识产权贸易的协定》(A greement on T rade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,TRIPS),84

联盟(alliances),42-44,53,64,137

亚洲(Asia),22

欧洲大学联合会(Association of European Universities),30-31

澳大利亚(Australia),12,83,90-91,121-122,125,128质量保证(quality assurance),63,81国际学生(international students),147《西方高等教育评论》(W est Rev iew of Higher Edu-cation),52

柏林大学(U niversity of Berlin),8

双重制(Binary Systems),122,125-129

伯恩鲍姆(Birnbaum,R 。),123

波伦亚(Bologna)《波伦亚宣言》(Bologna Declaration),33 -38,42 -44,58,62,81,92-93波伦亚大学(University of Bologna),1,29-30,45,75

无边界(borderlessness),142-145

P·波戴尤(Bordieu,P .),132-134

智囊流失(指有些国家的科技人员等流向国外的情况)(brain drains),23

J·布雷思韦特和P·德拉霍斯(Braithw aite,J 。and Drahos,P.),76-77,81-82

布雷顿森林会议(Bretton Woods),75-76

代理人(brokers),153-154

官僚主义(bureaucracy),66

加利福尼亚大学(University of California),39加利福尼亚州高等教育总体规划(master plan),40-41,119

剑桥大学(University of Cambridge),1,9,13,40

校园(cam pus),14

加拿大(Canada),127,148

能力课程(capabilities curricula),131

卡内基委员会(Carnegie Commission),127

中央集权化(centralization),5

特许状(charters),17-18

中国(C hina),133电视大学(T V U niversity),146

城市大学(civic universities),12-15

现代大学联合体(Coalition of M odern U niversities),38

冷战(Cold War),10

集体消费(collective consumption),25

高级技术学院(英国)(Colleges of Advanced Technology)(U K),12

权力共享(collegiality),18,57

哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University),158-159

商业(commercialism),57

《学习的英联邦》(Commonwealth of Learning),64-65

竞争(competition),97动态的(dy nam ic),96,102-103,139-141静态的(static),96,102-103,139

竞争的现实主义(competitive realism),136-139

消费者(consumers),19,71,95

“知识帝国主义”(content imperialism),65

对事情与背景的综合考虑(contex tualization),105-106

欧洲大陆(continental Europe),3,4,6-9,29-39,58

趋同性(convergence),15

法人的(corporate),5,18,122

法人的大学(corporate universities),151-152

高等教育鉴定委员会(Council for Higher Education Ac-creditation,CHEA),41,94

全国学位授予委员会(Council for National Academic Awards,CNAA),19

文凭主义(credentialism),3

创造性(creativity)110-111

批判的理论(critical theory),65-66

文化资本(cultural capital),132

文化(culture),66

《迪林报告》(Dearing Report),16,63,130

教育和技能部(英国)(Department for Education and S kills)(U K),116

教育、技能和培训部(澳大利亚)(Department for Educa-tion,Skills and T raining),(Australia),116

发展中国家(developing countries),64

数字设备公司(Digital Equipment Corporation,DEC),109-110

学科(disciplines),3,114,135

多样化(diversity)欧洲的(European),36-39制度的(institutional),9,11,15,36,116-141

脱氧核糖核酸分子(DNA molecule),113

P·德鲁克(Drucker,P .),160

E·涂尔干(Durkheim,E .),120

东欧(East Europe),22

“教育利用”(EDUCAUSE),171

精英(elite),124,128-129,131,133,137凝聚力(cohesiveness),5

仿效(emulation),121,134,138

启蒙运动(Enlightenment),7

企业大学(enterprise university),53

创业型大学(entrepreneurial university),56-57

知识界(epistemic communities),22,81

欧洲委员会(European Commission),28,33,44,58

欧洲法院(European Court of Justice),63

欧洲学分转换计划(European Credit Transfer Scheme),35

欧洲高等教育区域(European Higher Education Area),34,36-37,92

欧洲单一市场(European Single M arket),63

欧洲联盟(European U nion),28,33,47,58,72,81,85,90,92,135,144

出口(exports),47,53,80,92

高等专科学校(fachhochschulen),37,121

法汤姆公司(Fathom),155,158-160

院士(fellow s),9,13

《服务贸易总协定》(General Agreement on Trade in Ser-vices,GATS),51,59,74,85-92,161,163含意(implications),89-90样式(modes),87-88,145-148谈判的立场(negotiating positions),90-92给予和承诺(offers and commitments),88-89

德国唯心主义哲学(German idealist philosophy),8

德国研究型大学(German research universities),4

德国式的分割(German segmentation),125

《军人权利法案》(GI Bill),10

全球跨国教育联盟(Global Alliance for T ransnational Ed-ucation,GATE),93-94

全球的合作者(global collaborators),154-158

全球化(globalization),45-48公司(corporations),48-49世界主义(cosmopolitanism),66定义(definition),48-51民主(democracy),65-66知识的传播(diffusion of knowledge),96-97,115未来的方案(future scenarios),148-150创新和竞争(innovation and competition),101-103和职业的追求(and the pursuit of the vocational),175-177监管(regulation),51,62-63,72-95空间性(spatiality),50国家(states),66教和学(teaching and learning),57-62和大学(and the university),52-53西方化(w esternization),50

政府管理人的力量(government-managerial force),18

大学校(g randes écoles),7

哈佛,大学和学院(Harvard,U niversity and College),9,10,39-41

F·海克(Hayek,F .),97

陛下督学处(英国)(Her Majesty’Inspectorate)(UK),19

等级制度(hierarchy),129,131

英格兰高等教育基金委员会(Higher Education Funding Council for England,HEFCE),63,116,129

人力资本(human capital),16,57,84,94,130-134

人类基因图计划(Human Genome Mapping Project,HGM P),113-114

W·冯·洪堡(Humboldt,W 。von),30,124,142

澳大利亚大学副校长委员会的国际开发计划(IDP Aus-tralia),147

印度(India),146

英迪拉·甘地国立大学(Indira Gandhi National U niversi-ty),146

信息和通讯技术(information and communication tech-nologies,ICTs),142,164-165,169,174-175,179

创新(innovation),54,64,96 -97,101,109,112,121,133,139-141

制度上的自治(institutional autonomy),4,5,17-19,46,73

制度的同一性(institutional homogeneity),135

知识产权(intellectual property)82-86,173

高等教育质量保证机构国际网络(International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education,INQAAHE),94

国际化(internationalism),32-33,46-48,166-175

C·克尔(Kerr,C .),124

知识型经济(knowledge-based economies),49,121,131

全球化和知识(globalization and knowledge),65-66

知识经纪人(know ledge broker),110

研究和知识生产(research and knowledge production),53-57

和社会的可争议性(and social contestability),65-66

知识生产的社会分布(socially distributed know ledge pro-duction),99-101,110

社会上丰富的知识(socially robust know ledge),115

赠地学院(land g rant colleges),40

法律(law),17和谐(harmonization),75

排行榜(league tables),13,20,129

学习者—赚钱者(learner-earners),144,176

学习管理制度(learning management systems),172

自由民主(liberal democracy),50

自由化(liberalization),47,58,62,85,128,163新自由化(neo-liberalization),49

低成本定位(low-cost location),84

管理主义(managerialism),21,122

市场(markets)受控制的(managed),13-16,136模式(models),9-12,18,122表示(代表)(proxy),25,73,120准-(quasi-),120改革(reforms),17,21,73,121,128-129,134模拟的(simulated),11,121和政府(and the state),68-69

R·梅森(M aso n,R .),60

大众高等教育(mass higher education),11,94,124,128,134

麦当劳化(M cDonaldization),177

医疗模式(medical care models),24-25医学研究委员会(英国)(Medical Research Council)(U K),113

合并(mergers),122

默洛特(M ERLOT),171

中东(M iddle East),22

麻省理工学院“开放课程计划”(M IT OpenCourse Ware),161-162,172

流动性(mobility)欧洲计划(European schemes),47,146 教师和学生(staff and student),47,146教学的含意(teaching implications),165-169

莫纳什大学(M onash U niversity),175-176

最惠国(most favoured nation,M FN),84-85,87,90

多元化巨型大学(multiversity),10,124,130

民族国家(nation states),3,57,75,163比较优势(comparative advantages),49,57-58,79,130授权的政府(enabling state),68主权(sovereignty),49-50,82,127和高等教育制度(and systems of higher education),58,64福利国家(welfare state),68

国民待遇(national treatment)(N T),84-85,90

新工党政府(英国)(New Labour government)(NK),118

J·纽曼(New man,J .),30-31,124,142

新的提供者(new providers),150-154

纽约股票交易(New York Stock Exchange,NYSE),79

新西兰(New Zealand)

《服务贸易总协定》(GATS),90-91

质量保证(quality assurance),63,81

“贴近教育”公司(NextEd),157

尼日利亚(Nigeria),23

印度“NIIT”公司(NIIT India),157-158

经济合作与发展组织(O ECD),62,81,86,92

开放大学(英国)(Open U niversity)(U K),59,146

牛津大学(Oxford University),1,9,13,40

T·帕森斯(Parsons,T .),120,123,125

菲尼克斯大学(Phoenix,U niversity of),39,151,160

多科技术学院(polytechnics),16,19,38,118,126,129,137

K·波珀(Popper,K .),5

和地位相称的商品(positional goods),135

后现代主义(postmodernism),66,130

权力真空(power gap),138

普林斯顿大学(Princeton U niversity),39

私立部门的机构(private sector institutions),22,59,61,150-151为了盈利(for profit),39,41,90,142,144,150 -151,177-179

专业—学院的力量(professional-collegiate force),18,24

专业博士学位(professional doctorates),130

专业教育(professional education),6,14

专业的自我管理(professional self-regulation),17,70 -71,73,80

专业化(professionalism),67-68,122,179

教授会(欧洲大陆)(professoriate)(Continental),9

公共利益(public good),123,130

公共部分的高等教育(public sector higher education,PSHE),16

出版社(publishing houses),152-153,170

“四联体”(美国、欧盟、加拿大、日本)(Quads,the US,EU,Canada,Japan,85-86

质量(quality),20保证(assurance),63欧洲的(European),63国际的(international),62-63,79

质量保证处(英国)(Quality Assurance Agency)(UK),19-20,63,78,81

“赛跑到底”(races-to-the-bottom),78-80,130

“逐步推动”(ratcheting-up),78-80

理性主义(rationalism),46,51,66

B·雷丁(Readings,B .),52

思考的做法(reflective practice),24

研究(research),7,14合作的(collaborative),104商业的(commercial),55-57集中(concentration),126-127和发展(研究与开发)(and development)(R and D),83,101-102和政府的政策(and government policy),112-113第一种和第二种样式(modes 1 and 2),96,98 -99,103-105,108,111,114-115,130-132和业绩评价(and performance evaluation),134和教学的关系(and teaching nex us),127

“研究评估”(英国)(Research Assessment Exercises)(U K),17,126

研究委员会(英国)(Research Councils)(U K),126

管理(regulation),19-20,23,63取消—控制(de-regulation),129管理机构(regulatory bodies),69管理的原则和机制(regulatory principles and mecha-nisms),77-82管理体制(regulatory regimes),94实施管理的政府(regulatory state),68-72精明的管理(smart regulation),71

风险(risk),24

《罗宾斯报告》(Robbins Report),15,16

罗马法(Roman law),45-46,74-75

《罗思柴尔德报告》(Rothschild Report),126

拉塞尔集团(Russell Group),38,137

科学(science),进步(advances),46,64官僚主义的(bureaucratic),25政策(policy),112学校(schools),14社会责任(social accountability),65-66

网站名(schoolsucks .com),174

科学自由(scientific freedom),5

自助(self-help),134-137

新加坡(Singapore),133

社会的“各阶级合作”主义(social corporatism),49,58

社会再生产(social reproduction),130-134

南非(South Africa),23,52-53

南美(South America),22

专业培训机构(specialist content providers),154

U·斯塔特曼(Stadtman,U 。),119

标准(standards)国家(country),85和谐(harmonization),80-81,85,93互相承认(mutual recognition),63,80-81,85

斯坦福大学(Stanford University),39

分层(stratification),121-122,129,134

教学(teaching),4,7

教学机构(teaching institutions),38

技术科学(technosciences),54

撒切尔政府(T hatcher administration),19

神学(theology),46

“汤姆森学习”(T homson Learning),171

可交换的服务(tradable services),74-90,145

“交换区”(trading zones),105-107,109

“业务空间”(transaction spaces),105-109,111,113-115

跨国大学(transnational university)(TNU),63

透明度(transparency),24,81-82,87

M ·特罗(T row,M .),11,119,124

信任(trust),71,73

“特恩廷”网站(turnitin .com),174

英国网络大学国际部(U keU niversities Worldw ide),160

联合国教科文组织(UNESCO),62,93

联合国(U nited Nations),131

美国(United States),9-12,39-42,119-120,123-124

《服务贸易总协定》(GATS),91-92管理(governance),41质量保证(quality assurance),93

共同的特征(universalism),46

21世纪大学协会(Universitas 21),42-43,79,93,155-157,171全球21世纪大学联盟(U21 Global),156 21世纪大学教学联盟(U21 Pedagogica),156

大学拨款委员会(英国)(University Grants Committee)(U K),13,126

消费者付款模式(user-pays models),25-26,52

维多利亚时代的“绅士”(Victorian“gentlemen”),5,14

虚拟教育(virtual education),59-62,64

K·沃尔兹(Waltz,K .),136-138

威廉和玛丽学院(William and Mary College),9

世界银行(Wo rld Bank),22,75,86,93,142,161-162,177

世界知识产权组织(World Intellectual Property Organiza-tion,WIPO),83-84

世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization,WTO),23,59,62,74,76,83-86,91,144

多哈(Doha),89

耶鲁大学(Yale U niversity),10

§§后记

一般认为,大学(university)最早产生于中世纪欧洲的意大利、法国、英国和德国,以后陆续出现在其他地区。在发展过程中,大学的职能也不断扩展。当今,随着全球化的发展和深入,大学教育的方方面面更是发生了巨大的变化。对此,本书作了较为详尽的阐述,很值得关注高等教育的人们一读。

承蒙浙江大学人文学院哲学系和浙江大学基督教与跨文化研究中心资深教授、博士生导师陈村富先生的厚爱和信任,使我有幸主持翻译本书。在翻译的过程中,我曾把本书的第六和第七两章作为浙江大学教育学院教育学系博士生的专业选修课“教育学专业外语”的教材,组织博士生们进行阅读和讨论,有的博士生对此书很感兴趣。博士生费迎晓、李丽丽、韩瑞莲、李江霞、甘永涛、唐琼一、王正东、付淑琼、陈卓、段新明、韩芳、梅伟惠、黄国庭、洪港、黄艳霞、杨宇宁、孙秀玲以及硕士生陈珍珍等提供了该两章及导言的部分初译稿。浙江大学城市学院的赵嘉老师提供了第二章的初译稿,我以前指导的硕士生、现浙江大学城市学院商学分院的魏玲老师提供了第八章的初译稿。全书最后由我统稿。赵嘉老师以及我的硕士生邹洋对于部分文字的计算机输入也提供了帮助。本书的翻译也得到了我现在的同事、浙江大学教育学院教育学系肖朗教授和张文军副教授、浙江大学基督教与跨文化研究中心周展博士等人的关心与鼓励。在此一并表示衷心的感谢!

我1982年初大学毕业后,一直在高校的教育系从事教育史学科外国教育史方向的教学与研究工作,目前所在的浙江大学教育史学科是国家重点学科。我翻译本书,同时也是对外国当代高等教育史的研究工作的一部分,从这个意义上说,本书中文版也可称得上是外国教育史研究的一个新成果。

由于时间和水平所限,译文中难免有一些不当之处,欢迎读者批评指正。

赵卫平

2008年1月于浙江大学西溪校区

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