人类利用磁铁和磁铁的磁力做了很多事情。通过对磁力学的研究发现,磁铁是能吸引其他物质的铁块。铁和钢之所以叫做磁性物质是因为它们能被磁铁吸引,任何含有钢或铁的物质都能被磁铁吸引。
磁和电是紧密相关的,人们发现了一种用特殊的磁体产生电的方法。如果磁体在导线周围移动,导线中就会有电流产生。如果导线在磁体周围移动,导线中也会有电流。
1820年,一位名叫汉斯·克里斯汀·奥斯特的丹麦人发现当带电的导线靠近罗盘时,罗盘针会发生移动。奥斯特证明了电能被磁体影响。从此以后,人们就制作出电磁铁。当今电磁铁的应用非常广泛,在起重机上安装电磁铁就成了磁力起重机。给线圈通电,起重机就能将重物抬起。线圈断电时,重物就落下了。
在家里、工厂和办公室中,电磁铁也应用得很广,门铃就是电磁铁应用的一个实例。
大量生产电的机器就叫发电机,在发电厂发出的电通过电线从发电机输出。这根电线连接着把电输送到全国各地的其他电线,一些电线是用电线杆架高在空中,一些电线则是埋在地下。
练习
判断正误。
1.发电机是能够产生电的机器。
2.磁力是随处可见的自然力。
3.几乎所有的材料都能被磁铁吸引。
4.电和磁紧密相关。
5.起重机用电磁铁来举高重物。
6.电流只能在闭环电路中存在。
1.true 2.true 3.false
4.true 5.true 6.True
09 Sitting Posture 什么是正确的坐姿
What do others see when they look at you? Do you appear confident? Happy? Full of energy? Probably the first thing others see is your posture, or the way you hold your body when you sit, stand, or move about. If you hold your body in the proper sitting and standing positions when you are young, the bones and muscles will grow properly and correct posture will become a habit—something you do without thinking about it.
When your posture is good, the parts of your body are in position to do the work they should do. Good posture allows the lungs to expand and fill with air. It helps the blood to circulate freely through the body, and it aids in the digestion of food. When your posture is good, the weight of your body is supported as it should be, and you can sit or stand or walk around without getting tired too soon. Because your bones and good posture work together, it is especially important to have good posture when you are growing.
If you let your body slouch or slump, your lungs, stomach, and other important organs become crowded, and your blood does not circulate well through your body. A lack of oxygen and poor circulation caused by poor posture make your body work harder than it should. Foot problems, back trouble, and headaches may also be caused by poor posture. Only when correct posture habits are used do the parts of the body work together in proper balance and comfort.
Because you spend more time sitting each day than you do standing or walking, your sitting posture is very important! When you are working at a table or desk, you will not get tired as easily if you sit on a straight, hard chair. The chair—instead of your muscles—can do much of the work of keeping your body straight. Sit back on your chair so that your hips touch the back of it. Sit tall with your shoulders pulled back and your back straight. Let your feet rest on the floor with your toes pointed forward. You should not cross your knees while you are sitting, because that causes poor blood circulation. It also throws your body out of balance, causing poor posture. If you have to sit for a long time, it may be relaxing to cross your ankles for a few minutes, but you should return to correct sitting posture. If possible, you should occasionally stand up and stretch. This improves your circulation and helps keep you alert. When you lean forward to get closer to your work, you should not let your shoulders and back slump. Bend from your hips so that your back stays straight. Whenever you find yourself sliding too far down into your seat or bending too far forward, you need to straighten up. Poor posture is lazy posture—it gives you a dull, tired feeling that keeps your body and mind from being alert and active. Good posture makes you look better, feel better, and have more energy.
Sitting improperly in a lounge chair can strain your neck and shoulders and cause poor posture. When you sit in a lounge chair, you may want to rest your legs and feet on an ottoman or footstool to help you relax. This also helps your circulation. If you are sitting correctly, your chest will expand easily.
Good posture does not mean stiff, rigid posture. If you are sitting properly, there should be no strain on any part of your body. You should look and feel comfortable.
Vocabulary 词汇
posture ["p?st??] n. 姿势、姿态、态度;
vt. 做出某种姿势
position [p?"zi??n] n. 方位、位置、身份、职务、姿势、立场、阵地
bone [b?un] n. 骨头、骨质物、尸骨
muscle ["m?sl] n. 肌肉、肌肉组织、肌肉的力量
lung [l??] n. 肺;
adj. 肺的
circulate ["s?:kjuleit] vt. & vi. (使)循环、(使)流通、散布、传播
slouch [slaut?] vi. 无精打采地立、坐或行走
slump [sl?mp] vi. 大幅度下降、暴跌;
n. 萧条期、〈美〉(个人、球队等的)低潮状态
stomach ["st?m?k] n. 胃、腹部、胃口、欲望
organ ["?:ɡ?n] n. 器官、风琴、机构
headache ["hedeik] n. 头痛、令人头痛的事
straight [streit] adj. 直的、笔直的、不间断的、直率的;
adv. 直接地、径直地
hip [hip] n. 臀部、屁股
shoulder ["??uld?] n. 肩、肩部、肩膀、背的上部;
vt. 扛、挑、用肩顶……
toe [t?u] n. 脚趾、足尖部
knee [ni:] n. 膝、膝盖、膝部
ankle ["??kl] n. 踝、踝关节
occasionally [?"kei??n?li] adv. 有时候、偶尔
stretch [stret?] vt. & vi. 伸展、拉紧、延伸;
n. 伸展、延伸、延续
lean [li:n] vt. & vi. (使)倾斜、屈身;
vt. 倚、靠、依赖;
adj. 瘦的、贫瘠的
slide [slaid] vt. & vi. 滑动、滑行;
vi. 滑落、跌落;
n. 滑行、滑落、幻灯片
dull [d?l] adj. 不鲜明的、不清楚的、晦暗的、钝的、萧条的
alert [?"l?:t] adj. 警惕的、警觉的、机灵的;
vt. 使(某人)保持警觉;
n. 警戒、警报
lounge [laund?] n. 休息厅、休息室、客厅;
vi. 懒散地斜倚
strain [strein] vt. & vi. 拉紧、尽量利用、尽全力;
n. 拉紧、绷紧、张紧
ottoman n. (无靠背、无扶手的)长软椅
footstool ["futstu:l] n. 脚凳
chest [t?est] n. 胸部、胸腔、柜子
stiff [stif] adj. 不易弯曲的、僵硬的、拘谨的、不友善的
rigid ["rid?id] adj. 刚硬的、僵硬的、严格的、死板的、不变的
Practice
1.Sometimes you do without thinking about it is a .
2.The first thing that others see is .
3.You should sitting with back .
4.When sitting a long time, you should stand up and .
5.Poor posture will give you and tired feeling.
译文
当别人看你时,他们看到了什么?你表现得很有信心?很幸福?充满活力?也许,别人第一眼看到的是你的姿势,或者是你坐下、站起、移动时的举止。年轻时,如果你能保持良好的站姿、坐姿,你的骨骼和肌肉将会正常生长,而且正确的姿势会养成习惯——那些你不假思索去做的事情。
当你的姿势良好时,身体各部分会正常进行它们应当做的工作。好的姿势可以让肺部扩张并且充满空气,还有助于血液在身体里自由循环,而且还可以帮助食物消化。当你的姿态正确时,身体的重量会得到应有的支撑,这样你坐着、站着或走路的时候就不会很快感觉累。因为你的骨骼和良好的姿势是共同工作的,所以当你正在生长的时候,良好的姿势更是尤为重要。
如果你让自己的身体佝偻着或是弯腰驼背,你的肺、胃和其他重要器官会变得拥挤,你的血液在身体中流通不畅。由于不良姿势引起的缺氧和血液循环不畅会让你的身体工作得更加辛苦。脚的毛病、背的麻烦以及头疼都可能是由不良姿势造成的。只有当姿势正确的时候,身体各部分才会在平衡和舒适的状态下协同工作。
因为你每天坐着的时间要比站立或行走多很多,所以你的坐姿是非常重要的!当你坐在桌子旁边工作时,坐在又直又硬的椅子上会让你没那么容易疲倦。椅子——代替肌肉——在很大程度上可以帮你保持身体挺直。靠着椅背坐在椅子上,让你的臀部可以接触到椅背。坐在比较高的椅子上,让你的肩牵引背部保持背部挺直。把脚放在地板上休息,脚趾指向前方。当你坐着的时候,不要把一条腿翘在另一条腿上,因为这会引起血液循环不佳,而且会让你的身体失去平衡,引起不良姿势。如果你坐了很长一段时间,可以把你的脚踝交叉几分钟来放松,但是稍后你就应该回到正确的坐姿。如果可能的话,你应该偶尔站起来伸展身体。这将会促进你的血液循环以及帮助你保持灵活。当你前倾身体工作的时候,不能弯腰驼背。弯曲你的髋关节,来使你的背部保持挺直。任何时候,当你发现自己从椅子上滑动太远或者弯曲得太久,就必须坐端正了。不良姿势是一个懒散的姿势——它给你一种沉闷、疲倦的感觉,让你的身体和头脑不能灵活、活跃。好的姿势可以让你看起来很舒服,感觉很舒服,并且更加充满活力。
在沙发上坐姿不当,会拉紧你的脖子和肩膀,并且产生不良姿势。当你坐在沙发上,你可能想要把你的双腿和双脚放在长软椅或脚凳上来帮你放松,这也会有益于你的身体循环。如果你能正确地坐着,你的胸腔将会很容易扩张。
良好的姿态并不意味着僵硬的、死板的姿势。如果你坐得正确,身体的任何一部分都不应该有任何压力。不管是别人看起来,还是你自己感觉起来,都会很舒适。
练习
1.有时候,你不需思考就去做的事情是 。