登陆注册
15489800000105

第105章

Of the ways in which a questioner may beg the original question and also beg contraries the true account has been given in the Analytics:' but an account on the level of general opinion must be given now.

People appear to beg their original question in five ways: the first and most obvious being if any one begs the actual point requiring to be shown: this is easily detected when put in so many words; but it is more apt to escape detection in the case of different terms, or a term and an expression, that mean the same thing. A second way occurs whenever any one begs universally something which he has to demonstrate in a particular case: suppose (e.g.) he were trying to prove that the knowledge of contraries is one and were to claim that the knowledge of opposites in general is one: for then he is generally thought to be begging, along with a number of other things, that which he ought to have shown by itself. A third way is if any one were to beg in particular cases what he undertakes to show universally: e.g. if he undertook to show that the knowledge of contraries is always one, and begged it of certain pairs of contraries: for he also is generally considered to be begging independently and by itself what, together with a number of other things, he ought to have shown. Again, a man begs the question if he begs his conclusion piecemeal: supposing e.g. that he had to show that medicine is a science of what leads to health and to disease, and were to claim first the one, then the other; or, fifthly, if he were to beg the one or the other of a pair of statements that necessarily involve one other; e.g. if he had to show that the diagonal is incommensurable with the side, and were to beg that the side is incommensurable with the diagonal.

The ways in which people assume contraries are equal in number to those in which they beg their original question. For it would happen, firstly, if any one were to beg an opposite affirmation and negation; secondly, if he were to beg the contrary terms of an antithesis, e.g. that the same thing is good and evil; thirdly, suppose any one were to claim something universally and then proceed to beg its contradictory in some particular case, e.g. if having secured that the knowledge of contraries is one, he were to claim that the knowledge of what makes for health or for disease is different; or, fourthly, suppose him, after postulating the latter view, to try to secure universally the contradictory statement. Again, fifthly, suppose a man begs the contrary of the conclusion which necessarily comes about through the premisses laid down; and this would happen suppose, even without begging the opposites in so many words, he were to beg two premisses such that this contradictory statement that is opposite to the first conclusion will follow from them. The securing of contraries differs from begging the original question in this way: in the latter case the mistake lies in regard to the conclusion; for it is by a glance at the conclusion that we tell that the original question has been begged: whereas contrary views lie in the premisses, viz. in a certain relation which they bear to one another.

同类推荐
  • Locrine-Mucedorus

    Locrine-Mucedorus

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • ART OF WAR

    ART OF WAR

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 因明正理门论本

    因明正理门论本

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 难四

    难四

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 妆钿铲传

    妆钿铲传

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 交织的光与暗

    交织的光与暗

    神秘少年出现在南宫家的冰芒林中,就这样,我与灵雪邂逅了,一段奇幻的故事即将展开!
  • 全景天津

    全景天津

    《全景天津》是天津电视台于2008年拍摄的以空中视角俯瞰天津的航拍纪录片,并荣获中国电视艺术家协会颁发的2009年度全国城市形象片一等奖等多个奖项,是天津电视台的天津航拍系列题材纪录片之一。
  • 印象乡村

    印象乡村

    中国是一个诗歌的国度,大多数国人都是踏着唐诗宋词的韵律走上社会的,我也不例外,小时候,一手被李白的浪漫主义牵着,一手由杜甫的现实主义拉着,开始咿呀学语,习字诵诗。读初中的时候,正是上世纪八十年代初,那时候学生中涌动着一股强劲的读诗写诗的热潮,大家都跟着舒婷北岛疯狂,我因生命的底蕴而好诗喜文,就糊糊涂涂地跟着感觉走,渐渐地就走进了诗里。
  • 神界之子

    神界之子

    自古以来,神界分为六界,冥界、魔界、天界、人界、妖界、幻界。魔界魔神介于他的狼子野心,想要完成他的统一大业,他煽动冥王死神、魅影神与幻影神,共同引发了一场浩大的神界战争,则天神与四大战神协同众神共同应战,但是实力悬殊,天神被囚禁,冥王死神与三大战神同归于尽,而魔神也受了重伤,独自闭关修炼养伤,战争被迫休停,日子回归往常,直到魔神复活之际,战争一触即发,神界的命运最终归根到了一群年轻人手里,他们将如何协同众神应战……
  • tfboys之初夏的愛恋

    tfboys之初夏的愛恋

    夏天,一个有着可怜身世的孩子,饱受残酷现实的折磨,心灵早已是伤痕累累,他的出现,就竟是安抚她心中的伤口,还是在此之上在捅一刀呢?没有人知道,因为世间一切事物,都不过是转瞬即逝罢了。
  • 方圆做人,活脱做事

    方圆做人,活脱做事

    本书围绕做人做事,从多个角度全方位地阐述了下面的问题:如何行走社会,如何才能让自己学会思考问题,如何为人处世等。
  • 战神联盟之光明

    战神联盟之光明

    杜花蓝他们返回地球,却受到了玩偶的诅咒,他们是否能找到自己的继承者,再次击杀黑暗势力,新的冒险开始
  • 帝怒焚天

    帝怒焚天

    在这弱肉强食的世界,学会烤鸡才能坚强的活下去。我有火,你可有烤鸡?…………一团火焰,一座祭坛,苏行开启了他的故事。我,要焚天了!
  • 天渊大陆

    天渊大陆

    封神大战,无人封神。截教一败涂地,万仙俱灭。谁窃取了最后的胜利果实?阐教众人弃道入佛,人才凋零。佛真的慈悲?魔真的残忍?神真的伟大?圣人真的无私?天渊大陆,万古长存的势力依旧,圣,魔,神,仙俱在,世间唯一一个大时代的来临,群雄并起,天才遍地,皆为争取传说中的帝位,谁可独占鳌头,斩获最后的果实?一个不起眼的小人物如何在被挖双眼后崛起?
  • 识小编

    识小编

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。