When the learned first gave serious attention to popular ballads,from the time of Percy to that of Scott,they laboured under certain disabilities.The Comparative Method was scarcely understood,and was little practised.Editors were content to study the ballads of their own countryside,or,at most,of Great Britain.Teutonic and Northern parallels to our ballads were then adduced,as by Scott and Jamieson.It was later that the ballads of Europe,from the Faroes to Modern Greece,were compared with our own,with European MARCHEN,or children's tales,and with the popular songs,dances,and traditions of classical and savage peoples.The results of this more recent comparison may be briefly stated.Poetry begins,as Aristotle says,in improvisation.Every man is his own poet,and,in moments of stronge motion,expresses himself in song.A typical example is the Song of Lamech in Genesis-"I have slain a man to my wounding,And a young man to my hurt."
Instances perpetually occur in the Sagas:Grettir,Egil,Skarphedin,are always singing.In KIDNAPPED,Mr.Stevenson introduces "The Song of the Sword of Alan,"a fine example of Celtic practice:words and air are beaten out together,in the heat of victory.In the same way,the women sang improvised dirges,like Helen;lullabies,like the lullaby of Danae in Simonides,and flower songs,as in modern Italy.Every function of life,war,agriculture,the chase,had its appropriate magical and mimetic dance and song,as in Finland,among Red Indians,and among Australian blacks."The deeds of men"were chanted by heroes,as by Achilles;stories were told in alternate verse and prose;girls,like Homer's Nausicaa,accompanied dance and ball play,priests and medicine-men accompanied rites and magical ceremonies by songs.
These practices are world-wide,and world-old.The thoroughly popular songs,thus evolved,became the rude material of a professional class of minstrels,when these arose,as in the heroic age of Greece.A minstrel might be attached to a Court,or a noble;or he might go wandering with song and harp among the people.In either case,this class of men developed more regular and ample measures.They evolved the hexameter;the LAISSE of the CHANSONS DE GESTE;the strange technicalities of Scandinavian poetry;the metres of Vedic hymns;the choral odes of Greece.The narrative popular chant became in their hands the Epic,or the mediaeval rhymed romance.The metre of improvised verse changed into the artistic lyric.These lyric forms were fixed,in many cases,by the art of writing.But poetry did not remain solely in professional and literary hands.The mediaeval minstrels and JONGLEURS (who may best be studied in Leon Gautier's Introduction to his EPOPEES FRANCAISES)sang in Court and Camp.The poorer,less regular brethren of the art,harped and played conjuring tricks,in farm and grange,or at street corners.The foreign newer metres took the place of the old alliterative English verse.
But unprofessional men and women did not cease to make and sing.
Some writers have decided,among them Mr.Courthope,that our traditional ballads are degraded popular survivals of literary poetry.The plots and situations of some ballads are,indeed,the same as those of some literary mediaeval romances.But these plots and situations,in Epic and Romance,are themselves the final literary form of MARCHEN,myths and inventions originally POPULAR,and still,in certain cases,extant in popular form among races which have not yet evolved,or borrowed,the ampler and more polished and complex GENRES of literature.Thus,when a literary romance and a ballad have the same theme,the ballad may be a popular degradation of the romance;or,it may be the original popular shape of it,still surviving in tradition.A well-known case in prose,is that of the French fairy tales.
Perrault,in 1697,borrowed these from tradition and gave them literary and courtly shape.But CENDRILLON or CHAPERON ROUGE in the mouth of a French peasant,is apt to be the old traditional version,uncontaminated by the refinements of Perrault,despite Perrault's immense success and circulation.Thus tradition preserves pre-literary forms,even though,on occasion,it may borrow from literature.Peasant poets have been authors of ballads,without being,for all that,professional minstrels.Many such poems survive in our ballad literature.
The material of the ballad may be either romantic or historical.
The former class is based on one of the primeval invented situations,one of the elements of the MARCHEN in prose.Such tales or myths occur in the stories of savages,in the legends of peasants,are interwoven later with the plot in Epic or Romance,and may also inspire ballads.Popular superstitions,the witch,metamorphosis,the returning ghost,the fairy,all of them survivals of the earliest thought,naturally play a great part.
The Historical ballad,on the other hand,has a basis of resounding fact,murder,battle,or fire-raising,but the facts,being derived from popular rumour,are immediately corrupted and distorted,sometimes out of all knowledge.Good examples are the ballads on Darnley's murder and the youth of James VI.
