The fifteen hundred commendatory abbés and priors enjoy their benefices as if they were so many remote farms. The two thousand seven hundred vicars and canons visit each other and dine out. With the exception of a few apostolic characters the one hundred and thirty-one bishops stay at home as little as they can； nearly all of them being nobles， all of them men of society， what could they do out of the world， confined to a provincial town？ Can we imagine a grand seignior， once a gay and gallant abbé and now a bishop with a hundred thousand livres income， voluntarily burying himself for the entire year at Mende， at Comminges， in a paltry cloister？ The interval has become too great between the refined， varied and literary life of the great center， and the monotonous， inert， practical life of the provinces.
Hence it is that the grand seignior who withdraws from the former cannot enter into the latter， and he remains an absentee， at least in feeling.
A country in which the heart ceases to impel the blood through its veins presents a somber aspect. Arthur Young， who traveled over France between 1787 and 1789， is surprised to find at once such a vital center and such dead extremities. Between Paris and Versailles the double file of vehicles going and coming extends uninterruptedly for five leagues from morning till night.[33] The contrast on other roads is very great. Leaving Paris by the Orleans road， says Arthur Young， "we met not one stage or diligence for ten miles； only two messageries and very few chaises， not a tenth of what would have been met had we been leaving London at the same hour." On the highroad near Narbonne， "for thirty-six miles，" he says， "I came across but one cabriolet， half a dozen carts and a few women leading asses." Elsewhere， near St.
Girons， he notices that in two hundred and fifty miles he encountered in all， "two cabriolets and three miserable things similar to our old one-horse post chaise， and not one gentleman." Throughout this country the inns are execrable； it is impossible to hire a wagon， while in England， even in a town of fifteen hundred or two thousand inhabitants， there are comfortable hotels and every means of transport. This proves that in France "there is no circulation." It is only in very large towns that there is any civilization and comfort.
At Nantes there is a superb theater "twice as large as Drury-Lane and five times as magnificent. Mon Dieu！ I cried to myself， do all these wastes， moors， and deserts， that I have passed for 300 miles lead to this spectacle？ . . . In a single leap you pass from misery to extravagance， ...the country deserted， or if a gentleman in it， you find him in some wretched hole to save that money which is lavished with profusion in the luxuries of a capital." "A coach，" says M. de Montlosier， "set out weekly from the principal towns in the provinces for Paris and was not always full， which tells us about the activity in business. There was a single journal called the Gazette de France， appearing twice a week， which represents the activity of minds."[34]
Some magistrates of Paris in exile at Bourges in 1753 and 1754 give the following picture of that place：
"A town in which no one can be found with whom you can talk at your ease on any topic whatever， reasonably or sensibly. The nobles， three-fourths of them dying of hunger， rotting with pride of birth， keeping apart from men of the robe and of finance， and finding it strange that the daughter of a tax-collector， married to a counselor of the parliament of Paris， should presume to be intelligent and entertain company. The citizens are of the grossest ignorance， the sole support of this species of lethargy in which the minds of most of the inhabitants are plunged. Women， bigoted and pretentious， and much given to play and to gallantry."[35]
In this impoverished and benumbed society， among these Messieurs Thibaudeau， the counselor， and Harpin， the tax-collector， among these vicomtes de Sotenville and Countesses d'Escarbagnas， lives the Archbishop， Cardinal de Larochefoucauld， grand almoner to the king， provided with four great abbeys， possessing five hundred thousand livres income， a man of the world， generally an absentee， and when at home， finding amusement in the embellishing of his gardens and palace， in short， the golden pheasant of an aviary in a poultry yard of geese.[36] Naturally there is an entire absence of political thought.
"You cannot imagine，" says the manuscript， "a person more indifferent to all public matters." At a later period， in the very midst of events of the gravest character， and which most nearly concern them， there is the same apathy. At Chateau-Thierry on the 4th of July， 1789，[37]
