He from the wondering furrow called the food, Taught to command the fire, control the flood, Draw forth the monsters of the abyss profound, Or fetch the aerial eagle to the ground.
Till drooping, sickening, dying they began Whom they revered as God to mourn as man:
Then, looking up, from sire to sire, explored One great first Father, and that first adored.
Or plain tradition that this all begun, Conveyed unbroken faith from sire to son;The worker from the work distinct was known, And simple reason never sought but one:
Ere wit oblique had broke that steady light, Man, like his Maker, saw that all was right;To virtue, in the paths of pleasure, trod, And owned a Father when he owned a God.
Love all the faith, and all the allegiance then;For Nature knew no right divine in men, No ill could fear in God; and understood A sovereign being but a sovereign good.
True faith, true policy, united ran, This was but love of God, and this of man.
Who first taught souls enslaved, and realms undone, The enormous faith of many made for one;That proud exception to all Nature's laws, To invert the world, and counter-work its cause?
Force first made conquest, and that conquest, law;Till superstition taught the tyrant awe, Then shared the tyranny, then lent it aid, And gods of conquerors, slaves of subjects made:
She, 'midst the lightning's blaze, and thunder's sound, When rocked the mountains, and when groaned the ground, She taught the weak to bend, the proud to pray, To power unseen, and mightier far than they:
She, from the rending earth and bursting skies, Saw gods descend, and fiends infernal rise:
Here fixed the dreadful, there the blest abodes;Fear made her devils, and weak hope her gods;Gods partial, changeful, passionate, unjust, Whose attributes were rage, revenge, or lust;Such as the souls of cowards might conceive, And, formed like tyrants, tyrants would believe.
Zeal then, not charity, became the guide;And hell was built on spite, and heaven on pride, Then sacred seemed the ethereal vault no more;Altars grew marble then, and reeked with gore;Then first the flamen tasted living food;Next his grim idol smeared with human blood;With heaven's own thunders shook the world below, And played the god an engine on his foe.
So drives self-love, through just and through unjust, To one man's power, ambition, lucre, lust:
The same self-love, in all, becomes the cause Of what restrains him, government and laws.
For, what one likes if others like as well, What serves one will when many wills rebel?
How shall he keep, what, sleeping or awake, A weaker may surprise, a stronger take?
His safety must his liberty restrain:
All join to guard what each desires to gain.
Forced into virtue thus by self-defence, Even kings learned justice and benevolence:
Self-love forsook the path it first pursued, And found the private in the public good.
'Twas then, the studious head or generous mind, Follower of God, or friend of human-kind, Poet or patriot, rose but to restore The faith and moral Nature gave before;Re-lumed her ancient light, not kindled new;If not God's image, yet His shadow drew:
Taught power's due use to people and to kings, Taught nor to slack, nor strain its tender strings, The less, or greater, set so justly true, That touching one must strike the other too;Till jarring interests, of themselves create The according music of a well-mixed state.
Such is the world's great harmony, that springs From order, union, full consent of things:
Where small and great, where weak and mighty, made To serve, not suffer, strengthen, not invade;More powerful each as needful to the rest, And, in proportion as it blesses, blest;Draw to one point, and to one centre bring Beast, man, or angel, servant, lord, or king.
For forms of government let fools contest;Whate'er is best administered is best:
For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight;His can't be wrong whose life is in the right:
In faith and hope the world will disagree, But all mankind's concern is charity:
All must be false that thwart this one great end;And all of God, that bless mankind or mend.
Man, like the generous vine, supported lives;The strength he gains is from the embrace he gives.
On their own axis as the planets run, Yet make at once their circle round the sun;So two consistent motions act the soul;
And one regards itself, and one the whole.
Thus God and Nature linked the general frame, And bade self-love and social be the same.
ARGUMENT OF EPISTLE IV.
OF THE NATURE AND STATE OF MAN WITH RESPECT TO HAPPINESS.
I. False Notions of Happiness, Philosophical and Popular, answered from v.19 to 77.
II. It is the End of all Men, and attainable by all, v.30. God intends Happiness to be equal; and to be so, it must be social, since all particular Happiness depends on general, and since He governs by general, not particular Laws, v.37. As it is necessary for Order, and the peace and welfare of Society, that external goods should be unequal, Happiness is not made to consist in these, v.51. But, notwithstanding that inequality, the balance of Happiness among Mankind is kept even by Providence, by the two Passions of Hope and Fear, v.70.
III. What the Happiness of Individuals is, as far as is consistent with the constitution of this world; and that the good Man has here the advantage, V.77. The error of imputing to Virtue what are only the calamities of Nature or of Fortune, v.94.
IV. The folly of expecting that God should alter His general Laws in favour of particulars, v.121.
V. That we are not judges who are good; but that, whoever they are, they must be happiest, v.133, etc.
VI. That external goods are not the proper rewards, but often inconsistent with, or destructive of Virtue, v.165. That even these can make no Man happy without Virtue: Instanced in Riches, v.183. Honours, v.191.
Nobility, v.203. Greatness, v.215. Fame, v.235. Superior Talents, v.257, etc. With pictures of human Infelicity in Men possessed of them all, v.267, etc.
