3.1合同的常用词汇
商务英语合同中许多词频繁出现,大多成为英语合同术语,比如by and between, as, shall, the said, herein, hereby, whereas, subject to, in accordance with, prior to, including, as follows, in respect of, in pursuance of, therefore, thereof 等。这些用词可分为虚词(Function Words)和实义词(Content Words)。
1 常用虚词(Usual Function Words)
(1) as的用法
as是英语合同中最常用的虚词之一,与其他词组成具有特定意义的短语,如as the case may be(视情况而定), as from(自某日起),as of(自某日起),as done(依……而定),as...as(与……一样)等。
① as from 和as of 都可以表示“自某日起”的意思,用于正式文书。
例如:
This Contract shall be in effect for one year as from the 26th March 2013.(本合同自2013年3月26日期生效,有效期为一年。)
例如:
This Agreement shall come into force as of the 3rd May 2012.(本合同自2012年5月3日期生效。)
② as放在代表“规定”的 provide,stip ulate,set forth,prescribe 等词的过去分词前,含义为“依照……规定”。
例如:
For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.(基于此,应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。)
例如:
Based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.
(基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。)
另外, Except as otherwise done和Unless as otherwise done结构,表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。 done由 provided, stipulated, set forth, prescribed, required, indicated, set out等表示。
例如:
Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.(除非本合同另有规定,所有以航空挂号信寄出的通知和要求发出后 8 日应视为送达收悉,以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。)
例如:
Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods.(除非信用证另有规定,银行将接受以信用证受益人以外的第三者作为发货人的运输单据。)
③ As 构成 as the case may be(视具体情况而定), as the case may require(视具体要求而定)和 as the Venturers may determine(视投资方决定而定)等短语是英语合同的常用短语。
例如:
The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.(该合资公司视投资者决策,可随时迁址或增添营业场所。)
④ As 还用在 as soon as practical 短语中,意义用法相当于 as soon as possible。
例如:
During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter.(本公司同意在聘用期间,应自本协议开始或其后尽快向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。)
⑤ Such...as 句型
Such... as 句型是英语合同的特殊表达形式,它将类属后置,突出as后面的内容。
例如:
The parties may agree to extend the expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances.(合同各方同意根据情况合理推迟合同到期日。)
其中such date as is reasonable in the circumstances结构代替了such a date that is reasonable in the circumstances的表达。
例如:
The Venture may re-locate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venture may determine. 句中as the Venture may determine可由as determined by the Ventures代替。该句大意:该投资公司有时可迁址或增添营业场所,视投资者的决策而定。
(2)shall, should, may, must 的用法
shall, should, may, must, may not(或shall not)是普通英语中常见的单词,但在英语合同中必须谨慎使用这些词。使用这些词对合同主体的权利义务进行约定。如果选词不当,可能会引起纠纷。
① May 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),没有任何义务的含义,不带有强制性,有时表示“允许”或“许可”,相当于中文的“可以”、“得”等含义。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 也不能说成should do 或ought to do。
例如:
The buyers may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the sellers for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.(货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重赔偿。)
② shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候),表示强制性要求履行责任或义务,含有“本条款具有法律规定的指令性和强制性”之意。Shall do(应当做)不能用can do, should do, must do来代替。Should do, must do 其意“做不做都可能不会受到相应惩罚或处罚”,shall do 其意“应当做,必须做”的义务,对应着一定的惩罚或处罚。
例如:
The Seller shall present the following documents required for negotiation to the banks.(卖方必须将下列单据提交银行附议)
例如:
Party A shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the above-mentioned territory.(甲方不得向上述地区其他买主供应本合同项下商品。)
③ must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not(或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do或must not。
④ should表示“应该”,但它没有shall那样重的含义,因为should并不表示法律义务,只表示一般的义务或道义上的义务,有时甚至表示“原该”或“最好如此”的含义。
当should出现在合同中时,它常放在句子的开头,表示一个隐含的条件状语,相当于由if、in case 或in the event that 引导的状语从句,其含义相当于中文的“如果”、“万一”而不是“应该”。
例如:
Should the verification conclusion contradict the conditions of an auction target stated in an auction contract, the auctioneer has the right to demand a change or rescind the contract.(如果鉴定结论与委托拍卖合同载明的拍卖标的状况不相符,拍卖人有权要求变更或者解除合同。)
(3) Notwithstanding的用法
Notwithstanding与in spite of, despite一样意思是“即使,尽管”。一般与名词连用作为介词短语,放在句首。
例如:
Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.(即使有与本合同相悖的规定,保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。)
句中Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein意思是In spite of any other provisions to the contrary of provisions in the contract或者Despite any other provisions to the contrary of provisions in the contract。
例如:
Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.(尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定,如果上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日或之前未实现或被放弃,合同各方亦可根据具体情况,约定合理推迟合同的期满日。)
(4)hereby“特此”“因此”的用法
hereby与 by this或by means of this 意思相近,表示“特此”、“因此”。
常作为法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语;在条款中需要强调时也可用。一般置于主语后。
例如:
Hereby compliance with law requirements is self-evident.(因此依照法律规定也是不证自明的);
Accordingly, we hereby offer the following suggestions.(为此,特提出以下意见);
We hereby revoke the agreement of May 8, 2004.(我方特此宣告于2004年5月8日签订的合同无效);
I hereby certify that the information provided voluntarily.(兹证明上述资料由本人自愿提供)。