登陆注册
8629100000009

第9章 老外最感兴趣的广州历史文化(6)

最后,报纸业的飞跃推动了新闻媒体的产业化。工业革命后,随着商品经济的发展,报纸的商品属性日渐突出,报业也由小生产的经营方式逐渐过渡到企业化管理,并日益成为一种有利可图且利润丰厚的资本主义行业。19世纪末,随着自由资本主义向垄断资本主义的过渡,报业资本迅速集中,出现了报业垄断组织“报团”,由此形成了媒介产业化的格局。到了20世纪末,这些报业集团更是滚动发展成为财力雄厚,多角延伸,跨国经营的媒介产业集团。例如,全球最大的传媒公司时代华纳公司在报刊、图书出版、音乐、电影和有线电视等领域全面出击,具有强大的生命力。

In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called Tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao (“Bulletin of the Court”) of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing during the late Ming Dynasty.

In Early modern Europe the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets, called avvisi. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta, a small coin. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700) - sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.

However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.

粤剧瑰宝

Cantonese Opera

Introduction 简介

Cantonese opera, originating from Southern Opera, is originally named as full-scale drama. It is one of the major categories in Chinese opera, which emerged in the middle of Ming dynasty. It is popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore and Malaysia, as well as other overseas Chinese communities. Like all versions of Chinese opera, it is a traditional Chinese art form, involving music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting.

粤剧源自南戏,原称大戏或广东大戏。相传粤剧起源于明代嘉靖年间,是中国传统经典剧目之一。具有独特艺术魅力的粤剧现广泛流行于广东、广西、港澳及全球以粤语为主的其他华人社区。粤剧在融合中国其他戏曲“唱做念打”的表演工艺之外,还深深地融入了岭南文化特色。

Characteristics 特点

Cantonese opera shares many common characteristics with other Chinese theatre genres. Music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting are all featured in Cantonese opera. Most of the plots are based on Chinese history and famous Chinese classics and myths. Also, the culture and philosophies of the Chinese people can be seen in the plays. Virtues, such as loyalty, love, patriotism and faithfulness are often reflected in the operas.

粤剧与中国其他戏剧流派有一些共同之处,是糅合唱做念打、乐师配乐、戏台服饰、抽象形体等等的表演艺术。大多粤剧曲目都是基于中国历史、古典文学和神话改编而成。粤剧中同样蕴含着中国人民深厚的人文精神,忠贞爱国、善良淳朴的美德都在粤剧中体现的淋漓尽致。

Makeup 化妆

Applying makeup for Cantonese opera is a long and specialized process. One of the most common styles is the “white and red face”: an application of white foundation and a red color around the eyes that fades down to the bottom of cheeks. The eyebrows are black and sometimes elongated. Usually, female characters have thinner eyebrows than males. There is black makeup around the eyes with a shape similar to the eyes of a Chinese phoenix. Lipstick is usually bright red. Actors are given temporary facelifts by holding the skin up with a ribbon on the back of the head. This lifts the corners of the eyes, producing an authoritative look.

粤剧中,给角色化妆可是个慢功细活。最常见的化妆就是“红白脸”,先把整个脸涂上白色粉底,然后围绕着眼睛及额骨涂抹红色胭脂。演员通常会画长而黑的眉毛,而女角的眉毛通常要比男角的细。吊眉和勒头是粤剧化妆中必不可少的环节,一般先拉起脸部皮肤,再用布条扎紧头发。眼部的形状与中国传统凤眼相似,眼角上吊可以产生威严感。这些妆容配上鲜亮的红唇都可以让观众更好的欣赏演员的表情。

Each role has its own style of make-up: the clown has a large white spot in the middle of his face, for example. A sick character has a thin red line pointing upwards in between his eyebrows. Aggressive and frustrated character roles often have an arrow shape fading into the forehead in between the eyebrows. Strong male characters wear “open face” makeup. Each character’s makeup has its own distinct characteristics with symbolic patterns and coloration.

粤剧中每类行当都有自己独特的妆容:丑角常在脸中央画个大白点;反派角色通常在双眉之间画一条向上的细红线;好斗的及沮丧的角色通常在双眉间的额头部位画有箭状图案。高大威猛的男角通常先用白色颜料描画底稿,在眼睛及口部附近涂上黑色,把眉毛画得长长并向上翘来表现威严,然后在其他地方涂上红色胭脂,行内将这一过程称为“开面”。粤剧中每类行当的妆容都各有不同,都有自己象征性的颜色和图案。

Costumes 戏服

Costumes correspond to the theme of the play and indicate the character of each role. Each type of play is associated with particular costumes. The water sleeves of man plays can be attached to the waist or the sides of the breast areas. Costumes can be single or double breasted.

粤剧中,不同的行当需要需要不同的戏服。每种类型角色的塑造都与独特的戏服息息相关。例如:小生通常饰演文质彬彬的角色,有时候甩袖,所以长袖称呼为文袖。小武需要打斗,短袖才方便演员动作,所以短袖亦称呼为武袖。戏服既可以是单排扣,亦可以是双排扣。

Costumes also indicate the status of the character. Lower-status characters, such as females, wear less elaborate dresses, while those of higher rank have more decorative costumes.

除上所述,戏服还可以体现出角色的身份地位。例如,地位较低的传统女性角色通常穿着较为简朴的戏服,而地位较高的角色通常穿卓华丽高贵的服饰。

Speech types 说白

Commentators draw an essential distinction between sung and spoken text, although the boundary is a troublesome one. Speech-types are of a wide variety: one is nearly identical to standard conversational Cantonese, while another is a very smooth and refined delivery of a passage of poetry; some have one form or another of instrumental accompaniment while others have none; and some serve fairly specific functions, while others are more widely adaptable to variety of dramatic needs.

粤剧中除了演唱还包括说白形式,二者之间有着明确复杂的界限。说白是指演员把台词念出来,既包括独白又包括对白。说白又可分为押韵和不押韵两种:押韵的包括诗白、口古、白榄及韵白。不押韵的有口白、锣鼓白、引子白及浪里白。引子白,又称打引,是演员出场时候所说的话,说完便拉腔演唱。

Vocabulary 轻松学单词

martial [mɑ:l] adj. 战争的,武术的

Chinese traditional martial art is extensive and profound.

中华传统武术博大精深。

acrobatics [krbtks] n. 杂技

同类推荐
  • 日语零起点 拿起就会说

    日语零起点 拿起就会说

    学好一门外语,就是掌握一门技能。但如何才算是掌握了这门技能呢?语言是交流的工具,所以只有学有所用、能够流畅地用外语与他人进行交流,才算是学好了这门外语。
  • 奥赛罗·李尔王

    奥赛罗·李尔王

    本书是莎士比亚著名的四大悲剧之一,是英国的一个古老传说,故事本身大约发生在8世纪左右。后在英国编成了许多戏剧,现存的戏剧除莎士比亚外,还有一个更早的无名氏作品,一般认为莎士比亚的李尔王是改编此剧而创作的。故事讲述了年事已高的国王李尔王退位后,被大女儿和二女儿赶到荒郊野外,成为法兰西皇后的三女儿率军救父,却被杀死,李尔王伤心地死在她身旁。
  • 社交英语口语,看这本就够

    社交英语口语,看这本就够

    因为本书是我社英语编辑部耗时2年8个月,诚邀十几位中外籍资深英语教师参与撰写、编辑、审校等工作才制作完成的,其目的就是为了给广大英语学习者打造一套“真正实用的社交英语口语大全”。本书共分为7大类:衣、食、住、行、乐、情、节日,全面涵盖老外在社交中谈得最多的100个话题。
  • 人生不设限(中英双语版)

    人生不设限(中英双语版)

    一本撼动数亿人心灵的勇气之书!没有一本书,比力克的故事,更能带给你希望!他一出生连四肢都没有,跌倒再跌倒。一直被人嘲笑。经历漫长挫折与黑暗。从失望到绝望再到充满希望,从一无所有到一无所缺。他要告诉你什么叫永不放弃的精神,以及在心灵强大的旅程上如何做一个强者。我相信没有一本书比力克胡哲的故事更能带给你希望!
热门推荐
  • 花域

    花域

    以隳天为统帅的魔界占领了人间,捣毁了天界,其势头直至精灵界、畜牲界,天下岌岌可危。而花域神奇男孩花少来到人间遇到轻水老人,老人告诉他:“向南走七万里,向西走七万里,向北走七万里,向东走七万里。”天下就可以被拯救了。
  • 末世钢铁堡垒

    末世钢铁堡垒

    远古神秘病毒入侵,开启了生物的超速进化之路!是永久沉入地狱,还是走上成神之路?罗宸,全世界唯一一个三系异能者。地球真是实心的吗?悬浮式坦克,战列舰。。。(本书偏向于硬科幻,力图打造出一个真实的末世)新书,求支持,求推荐、求收藏!你们的支持是我最大的动力!
  • 为自己奋斗

    为自己奋斗

    走向成功的最高境界在我们的人生历程中,我们希望自己变成一个什么样的人呢?国家领导人、企业家、艺术家、演说家、经济学家,还是广受人们尊重的智者,子女爱戴的父母?一个充满着善心的人……这所有的一切,都取决于我们自己,因为我们的命运由我们自己主宰,我们为了实现自己的人生价值,没有人可以取代我们,我们必须为自己奋斗。我们知道,在我们的内心深处,都存在着一种潜意识,这种潜意识就是我们付出了什么,我们就会有什么样的收获。我们选择了怎样的心态、思想方法和思维方式,就决定了我们会有什么样的成就!
  • 逍遥的神主

    逍遥的神主

    神界第一神帝天幻不明身陨,诸帝争夺其位交战千年,神界破残,源元流失,天地灵气面临枯竭。普天诸界再无人能修仙成仙,亦无人能够修神成神,只能于红尘中争渡百载。大学生王忆祖在一次与朋友的野营探险中,无意中得到一枚神帝死前凝炼的七色功力珠,炼化吸收使其一下成为了欲真重的修者,从此开始了他的修神之路,亦开始了履行承诺替神帝的复仇之路。然而,这是普天诸界灵气皆稀薄枯涸的时代,他能成功吗???????介绍一个本书的交流方式:QQ群:264598617微信:Langzhi-PFDLX
  • 贾樟柯:From文艺范儿To新生代导演

    贾樟柯:From文艺范儿To新生代导演

    著名作家罗银胜的一部倾力之作,演绎了一个文艺青年的梦想之路,同时也是一本内含文艺见解的轻松读物。记述中国第六代电影导演领军人物贾樟柯的成长历程,以及富有个性的独特导演经历,尤其是对贾樟柯心路历程的描写十分细腻,不少是独家披露,一个文艺青年动人的成长故事跃然纸上,相信一定会勾起曾经或正在抱有文艺梦的青年的追忆和共鸣。 生动展现了贾樟柯对电影、文艺理解的精神世界,让我们认识到,贾樟柯的思考和探索,触及文艺的核心和本质。
  • 逃婚爱恋之拽拽未婚妻

    逃婚爱恋之拽拽未婚妻

    逃婚的两姐妹会不会遇到自己的真名天子,一起来期待吧,谢谢支持哈!观看另一本小说《黑道冰山撞雪山》,谢谢支持哦!!O(∩_∩)O
  • 终南家业

    终南家业

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 镜子的世界

    镜子的世界

    传说中,镜子里,是另一个平行次元的世界。那是一个纯净的,没有被污染的美好的世界。传说,那里的人们便是此处生活着的人们的倒影。你会不会相信,这个世界上有另一个自己?她相信。
  • 傲尸狂神

    傲尸狂神

    我名萧放,是为嚣张,狂放!云天大陆,少年秦放偶然跟踪一群强者去寻宝,不料却饮下神秘尸血,并得到令人疯狂的宝物,从此开始了他辉煌的证神之路。从我饮下尸血,得到这些神秘宝贝那天开始,我的人生,注定不会平凡。神?挡我者杀!魔?归我麾下!道?不足道也!那些势利的庸人们,你们给我听好了,我,萧放,今日要将尔等小人奸邪之徒尽数铲灭!吾道,杀道,以杀止杀!吾以尸身,行吾道。天道将崩,吾道既成。
  • 第一密婚:黑少的带球小辣妻

    第一密婚:黑少的带球小辣妻

    原本是好好恋爱的正牌女友,热恋一年后却沦为了地下情人,为爱情我洗尽铅华、放低姿态,谁料还是没能抓住他的心……身怀有孕,却被逼的远走天涯,身边只有一个曾经背叛我的初恋,我该何去何从?他是我生命里最后的温暖,却是一个一生游走在黑暗的男人,连救了那个小女人两次,连心都输给了她。他能带给她想要的幸福吗?这是一部黑道主母养成手册,这是一个女人跟三个男人之间的故事。