Alfred Tennyson （b. 1809，d. 1892） was born in Somersby，Lincolnshire，England. He graduated at Trinity College，Cambridge. His first volume of poems was published in 1830，but it made little impression and was severely criticised. On the publication of his third series in 1842，his poetic genius began treceive general recognition. Mr. Tennyson was made poet laureate in 1850，and was regarded as the foremost living poet of England. For several years his residence was on the Isle of Wight. In 1884，he was raised tthe peerage.
1.Break，break，break，On thy cold gray stones，sea！
And I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts that arise in me.
2.Oh，well for the fisherman's boy，That he shouts with his sister at play！ Oh，well for the sailor lad，That he sings in his boat on the bay！
3.And the stately ships gon.Ttheir haven under the hill；But oh for the touch of a vanished hand，And the sound of a voice that is still！
4.Break，break，break，At the foot of thy crags，sea！But the tender grace of a day that is dead Will never come back tme.
第91章TRANSPORTATION AND PLANTING OF SEEDSHenry David Thoreau （b. 1817，d. 1862）. This eccentric American author and naturalist was born at Concord，Mass. He graduated at Harvard University in 1837. He was a good English and classical scholar，and was well acquainted with the literature of the East. His father was a maker of lead pencils，and he followed the business for a time，but afterwards supported himself mainly by teaching，lecturing，land surveying，and carpentering. In 1845 he built himself a small wooden house near Concord，on the shore of Walden Pond，where he lived about twyears. He was intimate with Hawthorne，Emerson，and other literary celebrities. His principal works are "Walden，or Life in the Woods，" "A Week on Concord and Merrimac Rivers，" "Excursions，" "Maine Woods，" "Cape Cod，" "A Yankee in Canada，" and "Letters tVarious Persons." In deive power Mr. Thoreau has few，if any，superiors.
1.In all the pines a very thin membrane1，in appearance much like an insect's wing，grows over and around the seed，and independent of it，while the latter is being developed within its base. In other words，a beautiful thin sack is woven around the seed，with a handle tit such as the wind can take hold of，and it is then committed tthe wind，expressly that it may transport the seed and extend the range of the species；and this it does as effectually as when seeds are sent by mail，in a different kind of sack，from the patent office.
2.There is，then，nnecessity for supposing that the pines have sprung up from nothing，and I am aware that I am not at all peculiar1Membrane，a thin，soft tissue of interwoven fibers.
in asserting that they come from seeds，though the mode of their propagation1 by Nature has been but little attended to. They are very extensively raised from the seed in Europe，and are beginning tbe here.
3.When you cut down an oak wood，a pine wood will not at once spring up there unless there are，or have been quite recently，seed- bearing pines near enough for the seeds tbe blown from them. But，adjacent ta forest of pines，if you prevent other crops from growing there，you will surely have an extension of your pine forest，provided the soil is suitable.
4.As I walk amid hickories，even in August，I hear the sound of green pignuts falling from time ttime，cut off by the chickaree over my head. In the fall I notice on the ground，either within or in the neighborhood of oak woods，on all sides of the town，stout oak twigs three or four inches long，bearing half a dozen empty acorn cups，which twigs have been gnawed off by squirrels，on both sides of the nuts，in order tmake them more portable2. The jays scream and the red squirrels scold while you are clubbing and shaking the chestnut trees，for they are there on the same errand，and twof a trade never agree.
5.I frequently see a red or a gray squirrel cast down a green chestnut burr，as I am going through the woods，and I used tthink，sometimes，that they were cast at me. In fact，they are sbusy about it，in the midst of the chestnut season，that you can not stand long in the woods without hearing one fall.
6.A sportsman told me that he had，the day before-that was in the middle of October-seen a green chestnut burr dropped on our great river meadow，fifty rods from the nearest wood，and much farther from the nearest chestnut tree，and he could not tell how it came there. Occasionally，when chestnutting in midwinter，I find thirty or forty nuts in a pile，left in its gallery just under the leaves，by the common wood mouse.
1Propagation，the continuance of a kind by successive production. 2Portable，capable of being carried.
7.But especially，in the winter，the extent twhich this transportation1 and planting of nuts is carried on，is made apparent by the snow. In almost every wood you will see where the red or gray squirrels have pawed down through the snow in a hundred places，sometimes twfeet deep，and almost always directly ta nut or a pine cone，as directly as if they had started from it and bored upward，-which you and I could not have done. It would be difficult for us tfind one before the snow falls. Commonly，ndoubt，they had deposited them there in the fall. You wonder if they remember the localities or discover them by the scent.
8.The red squirrel commonly has its winter abode in the earth under a thicket of evergreens，frequently under a small clump of evergreens in the midst of a deciduous2 wood. If there are any nut trees，which still retain their nuts，standing at a distance without the wood，their paths often lead directly tand from them. We，therefore，need not suppose an oak standing here and there in the wood in order tseed it，but if a few stand within twenty or thirty rods of it，it is sufficient.
9.I think that I may venture tsay that every white-pine cone that falls tthe earth naturally in this town，before opening and losing its seeds，and almost every pitch-pine one that falls at all，is cut off by a squirrel；and they begin tpluck them long before they are ripe，sthat when the crop of white-pine cones is a small one，as it commonly is，they cut off thus almost everyone of these before it fairly ripens.
10.I think，moreover，that their design，if I may sspeak，in cutting them off green，is partly tprevent their opening and losing their seeds，for these are the ones for which they dig through the snow，and the only white-pine cones which contain anything then. I have counted in one heap the cores of twhundred and thirty-nine pitch-pine cones which had been cut off and stripped by the red squirrel the previous winter.
11.The nuts thus left on the surface，or buried just beneath it，are1Transportation，the act of conveying from one place tanother. 2Deciduous，said of trees whose leaves fall in autumn.
placed in the most favorable circumstances for germinating1. I have sometimes wondered how those which merely fell on the surface of the earth got planted；but，by the end of December，I find the chestnut of the same year partially mixed with the mold，as it were，under the decaying and moldy leaves，where there is all the moisture and manure they want，for the nuts fall fast. In a plentiful year a large proportion of the nuts are thus covered loosely an inch deep，and are，of course，somewhat concealed from squirrels.
12.One winter，when the crop had been abundant，I got，with the aid of a rake，many quarts of these nuts as late as the tenth of January；and though some bought at the store the same day were more than half of them moldy，I did not find a single moldy one among those which I picked from under the wet and moldy leaves，where they had been snowed on once or twice. Nature knew how tpack them best. They were still plump and tender. Apparently they dnot heat there，though wet. In the spring they are all sprouting.
13.Occasionally，when threading the woods in the fall，you will hear a sound as if some one had broken a twig，and，looking up，see a jay pecking at an acorn，or you will see a flock of them at once about it，in the top of an oak，and hear them break it off. They then fly ta suitable limb，and placing the acorn under one foot，hammer away at it busily，making a sound like a woodpecker's tapping，looking round from time ttime tsee if any foe is approaching，and soon reach the meat，and nibble at it，holding up their heads tswallow while they hold the remainder very firmly with their claws. Nevertheless，it often drops tthe ground before the bird has done with it.
14.I can confirm what William Barton wrote tWilson，the ornithologist2，that "The jay is one of the most useful agents in the economy3of nature for disseminating4forest trees and other1Germinating，sprouting，beginning tgrow.2Ornithologist，one skilled in the science which treats of birds. 3Economy，orderly system，4Disseminating，scattering for growth and propagation.nuciferous1 and hard-seeded vegetables on which they feed. In performing this necessary duty they drop abundance of seed in their flight over fields，hedges，and by fences，where they alight tdeposit them in the post holes，etc. It is remarkable what numbers of young trees rise up in fields and pastures after a wet winter and spring. These birds alone are capable in a few yearsˊtime treplant all the cleared lands."
15.I have noticed that squirrels alsfrequently drop nuts in open land，which will still further account for the oaks and walnuts which spring up in pastures；for，depend on it，every new tree comes from a seed. When I examine the little oaks，one or twyears old，in such places，I invariably find the empty acorn from which they sprung.1Nuciferous，bearing nuts.
