Is Rousseau a partisan of the idea of progress·
卢梭是进步概念的拥护者吗·
From Hobbos and Rousseau to Rauls and Nozick， ethics in contract theory has demonstrated its powerful inner tension in modern history。
从霍布斯、卢梭到罗尔斯、诺齐克，契约论伦理思想可谓在近代以来的历史之中显现了强大的内在张力。
While Madame Hecquet was printing her biography of Memmie， Jean－Jacques Rousseau published his seminal work， Discourse on the Origins of Inequality。
在埃凯夫人出版她为梅米写的传记的同时，让·雅克·卢梭出版了产生重大影响的学术著作《论不平等的起源》。
Through a comparison between the virtue of ancient city－state and the degeneration of modern society， Rousseau denied the illusory prosperity of modern society。
卢梭用古代城邦的德性与近代社会的堕落相对照，终结了近代社会虚假繁荣的图景。
Rousseau believed that society enslaved man to vanity and ambition。
卢梭认为社会迫使人成为名利野心的奴隶。
Rousseau accuses all other philosophers before himself of attributing to mankind in the state of nature only characteristics of mankind in a state of civilization。
卢梭指控所有在他之前的哲学家将人性特点只归因于文明的状况，忽视人性在自然下的状态。
Three educators， John Locke， Rousseau， Diesterweg， created three images for a teacher， that is， the teacher for moral integrity， the teacher for freedom， the teacher for truth。
近代欧洲的三位教育家——洛克、卢梭和第斯多惠，分别在他们的著作中塑造了三种不同的教师形象，即：德性之师、率性之师与真理之师。
What is Rousseau’s conception of liberty·
卢梭对于自由的想法为何·
Sadly， natural－law thinking became unfashionable in the two centuries after Jean–Jacques Rousseau。
可悲的是，自从卢梭之后的两个世纪里，自然法则不再流行。
When Rousseau was 10 his father fled from Geneva to avoid imprisonment for a minor offense， leaving young Jean－Jacques to be raised by an aunt and uncle。
在卢梭10岁时，其父为躲避一宗小罪的关押而逃离日内瓦，小卢梭由叔婶抚养。
Jean－Jacques Rousseau is a great thinker， philosopher in the 18th century France Enlightenment period and also the thought pioneer of French capitalist resolution。
卢梭是18世纪法国启蒙运动的伟大思想家，哲学家，法国资产阶级革命的思想先驱者。
Let’s Talk！
开始交流吧！
Mike： What are you studying·
麦克：你在学什么·
Daisy： Philosophy。
黛西：哲学。
Mike： Since when are you interested in philosophy·
麦克：你什么时候开始对哲学感兴趣了·
Daisy： I am taking a course in philosophy， it’s very interesting。
黛西：我选了一门哲学课，非常有意思。
Mike： I never found philosophy interesting。
麦克：我从来不觉得哲学有意思。
Daisy： You will， when you really get to know it。
黛西：当你真正了解哲学时，你就会喜欢它。
Mike： Who is your favorite philosopher·
麦克：谁是你最喜欢的哲学家·
Daisy： Roussau。
黛西：卢梭。
Mike： I’ve learn his article in essay reading class， he writes beautiful essays。
麦克：我在散文阅读上读过他的文章，他写的散文很美。
Daisy： Do you find him very intelligent·
黛西：你不觉得他很有智慧吗·
Mike： I do not know， I just focused on the language。
麦克：我不知道，我只关注语言了。
Daisy： I recommend you read more of his works。
黛西：我建议你多读一些他的作品。
Mike： But I do not like philosophy。
麦克：但是我不喜欢哲学。
Daisy： It can make you understand yourself and the world better。
黛西：它可以让你更好地了解自己和这个世界。
Isaac Newton
牛顿
艾萨克·牛顿是英国伟大的数学家、物理学家、天文学家和自然哲学家，其研究领域包括了物理学、数学、天文学、神学、自然哲学和炼金术。牛顿的主要贡献有发明了微积分，发现了万有引力定律和经典力学，设计并实际制造了第一架反射式望远镜等等，被誉为人类历史上最伟大、最有影响力的科学家。
About Newton
关于牛顿
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist， mathematician， astronomer， natural philosopher， alchemist， and theologian。
His monograph Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica， published in 1687， lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics and is one of the most important scientific books ever written。 In this work， Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion， which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries。 Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws， by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation； thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution。
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum。 He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound。
In mathematics， Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of differential and integral calculus。 He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem， developed Newton’s method for approximating the roots of a function， and contributed to the study of power series。
Newton was also highly religious。 He was an unorthodox Christian， and wrote more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than on science and mathematics， the subjects he is mainly associated with。 Newton secretly rejected Trinitarianism， fearing to be accused of refusing holy orders。
牛顿的研究领域非常广泛，他除了在数学、光学、力学等方面作出卓越贡献外，他还花费大量精力进行化学实验。他常常六个星期一直留在实验室里，不分昼夜地工作。他在化学上花费的时间并不少，却几乎没有取得什么显著的成就。为什么同样一个伟大的牛顿，在不同的领域取得的成就竟那么不一样呢·其中一个原因就是各个学科处在不同的发展阶段。在力学和天文学方面，有伽利略、开普勒、惠更斯等人的努力，牛顿有可能用已经准备好的材料，建立起一座宏伟壮丽的力学大厦。正像他自己所说的那样“如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人的肩上”。而在化学方面，因为正确的道路还没有开辟出来，牛顿没法走到可以砍伐材料的地方。
牛顿在临终前对自己的生活道路是这样总结的：“我不知道在别人看来，我是什么样的人，但在我自己看来，我不过就像是一个在海滨玩耍的小孩，为不时发现比寻常更为光滑的一块卵石或比寻常更为美丽的一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，而对于展现在我面前的浩瀚的真理的海洋，却全然没有发现。”
Key words ＆ Sentences
关键词句全知道
We’re delighted to take this piece of Sir Isaac Newton’s apple tree to orbit。
我们很高兴能将牛顿爵士那颗苹果树上的树枝带入太空。
He was quite probably the best British theoretical physicist since Isaac Newton。
自牛顿之后，他也许是英国最伟大的理论物理学家了。
Today， Harry Monroe and I report on one of the world’s greatest scientists， Isaac Newton。
今天，我和哈里·门罗将向你讲述世界上最伟大的科学家牛顿的故事。
Isaac Newton， besides being the founder of modern physics， was also master of Britain’s mint。
牛顿是现代物理学的奠基者，同时身兼英国造币厂厂长。
Sir Isaac Newton was very much smaller than a hippopotamus， but we do not on that account value him less。
牛顿爵士比起河马的体型可小多了，但是我们并不会因此贬低他。
Two science representatives —Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein， their theories intensively referred to time。
科学上两次重大飞跃的代表人物牛顿和爱因斯坦，其理论都是和时间概念紧密相连的。
By the age of 20， Isaac Newton found a general binomial theorem which lead to the later development of calculus。
20岁的时候，牛顿发现了一个二项式定理，为以后发展微积分做好了准备。
Isaac Newton， the great British scientist， was often so deep in his thoughts that he would forget to eat his dinner。
英国著名科学家牛顿经常沉浸在自己的思想中，忘了吃饭。
