The existence of incandescent masses of gas was proved in 1864by the English astronomer William Huggins, who made widespread use of the method of spectral analysis (evolved in 1859 by Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen) in astronomy. Here Engels used A. Secchi's Die Sonne , Braunschweig, 1872, pp. 787, 789-90.
[27] In the first German edition of Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft (1882), Engels introduced fundamental specification, which was repeated in the authorised English edition (1892). He formulated the given proposition in the following words: "... all past history, with the exception of its primitive stages, was the history of class struggles..."[28] Dühring's works, quoted by Engels, are referred to in brackets in abbreviated form in the following way:
D.Ph. stands for: Dühring, Cursus der Philosophie , Leipzig, 1875D.K.G. stands for: Dühring, Kritische Geschichte der Nationalökonomie und des Sozialismus , 2. Aufl., Berlin, 1875;D.C. stands for: Dühring, Cursus der National- und Socialökonomie , 2. Aufl., Leipzig, 1876, and the relevant pages.
[29] Phalansteries -- the buildings in which, according to the French utopian socialist Charles Fourier, the members of phalanges, ideal harmonious communities, would live and work.
[30] G. W. F. Hegel's Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse , Heidelberg, 1817consists of three parts: 1) logic, 2) philosophy of nature, 3) philosophy of the mind.
In his work on Anti-Dühring and Dialectics of Nature , Engels used Hegel's writings primarily published after Hegel's death by his pupils in: G. W. F. Hegel, Werke. Vollständige Ausgabe durch einen Verein von Freunden des Verewigten: Ph. Marheineke , J. Schulze , Ed. Gans , Lp. v. Henning , H. Hotho , C. Michekt , F. Förster , Bd. I-XVIII, Berlin, 1832-1845.
[31] Engels is presumably alluding to Die Epiphanie der ewigen Persönlichkeit des Ceistes (published in separate installments in 1844, 1847 and 1852), the work of the Hegelian philosopher K. L. Michelet, who published the works of his teacher.
[32] Engels made a note here, which he subsequently included in Dialectics of Nature .
[33] In the original, here and elsewhere, the term "Ideologie" is used, as a rule, as a synonym for "idealism".
[34] This is an allusion to the servile submissiveness of the Prussians, who accepted the Constitution granted by King Frederick William IV on December 5, 1848, when the Prussian Constituent Assembly was dissolved. The Constitution drawn up with the participation of the Minister of the Interior, Baron Manteuffel, was finally approved by Frederick William IV on January 31, 1850, after numerous amendments had been introduced.
[35] In Part I of Anti-Dühring , all page references made by Engels are to Dühring's Cursus der Philosophie.
[36] Engels enumerates a number of major battles in European wars of the nineteenth century.
The battle of Austerlitz (now Slavkov in Czechoslovakia)> Transfer interrupted! n I defeated a combined Russo-Austrian army.
The battle of Jena , October 14, 1806, in which Napoleon I crushed the Prussian army.
The battle of Königgrätz (now Hradec Kralove), or of Sadowa, July 3, 1866, in Bohemia, in which Prussian forces defeated the army of Austria and Saxony, thereby securing Prussia's victory over Austria in the war of 1866.
The battle of Sedan , September 1-2, 1870, in which Prussian forces defeated -the French army under MacMahon and compelled it to surrender.
This was the decisive battle in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71.
[37] A reference to the research carried out by the German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss into non-Euclidean geometry.
[37a] In the original a play on words: Eslesbrücke (asses' bridge) means in German also an unauthorised aid in study used by dull-headed or lazy students; a crib or pony.
[38] In 1886, in his Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy , Engels wrote the following on the Copernican system: "For three hundred years the Copernican solar system was a hypothesis with a hundred, a thousand or ten thousand chances to one in its favour, but still always a hypothesis. But when Leverrier, by means of the data provided by this system, not only deduced the necessity of the existence of an unknown planet, but also calculated the position in the heavens which this planet must necessarily occupy, and when Galle really found this planet, the Copernican system was proved". The planet mentioned in the quotation is Neptune, which was discovered in 1846 by Johann Galle of the Berlin Observatory.
[39] Engels made a note here, which he subsequently included in Dialectics of Nature (see MECW, volume 25, pp. 530-34).
[40] Protista (from the Greek protistos -- meaning first) are, according to Haeckel's classification, a vast group of simple, both unicellular and non-cellular, organisms.
Monera (from the Greek moneres -- meaning single)are, according to Haeckel, structureless masses of albumen, devoid of a nucleus but performing all the essential vital functions: eating, locomotion, reaction to irritation, multiplication.
The terms protista and monera were introduced by Haeckel in 1866 in his book Generelle Morphologie der Organismen.
[41] The reference is to the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh and the Accadian version of the Deluge story discovered in 1872 by George Smith, the English Assyriologist and archaeologist.
[42] Ring of the Nibelung -- Richard Wagner's monumental tetralogy: Rheingold , Valkyrie , Siegfried and Götterdämmerung.
Here Engels jokingly calls Dühring the "composer of the future", referring to the term "composition" proposed by Dühring. Wagner's adversaries had ironically called his music the "music of the future", the occasion being Wagner's book Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft , Leipzig, 1850.
