登陆注册
15713600000108

第108章

For the theory of value which we represent, on the other hand, it is a matter of entire indifference whether the circumstances are such that rent remains purely differential, and thus does not enter into the value of products, or are such as cause rent to become general, and thus to enter of necessity into the value of products. The one case fits into our system as well as the other.

Further, there are certain exceptions to the proposition that a differential rent cannot enter into the value of products.

Alongside of those employments of land which may be regarded as the principal ones, and of those forms of rent which might be called the original ones, there exist others which are secondary and derivative. The principal employment of fertile land is in agriculture, but the building of a factory upon land suitable for cultivation is an example of a secondary employment, -- of an employment, to express it otherwise, for which land in general will be less required, and which in itself would never exhaust the available supply of lands, as the agricultural demand might easily do. If a fertile field is employed as site for a factory the agricultural rent which, in other circumstances, might be expected from it, will have to be surrendered. The sacrifice of this rent means an outlay of costs which cannot be neglected in calculating the costs of the factory's products. Whatever the amount of the rent, it must be deducted from the value of the products made on that building ground, and it is not till the remainder covers the costs of capital and labour that the calculation is complete.

The case is similar with the ground-rents of dwelling-houses.

Ground-rent in a large town is never a simple differential rent.

At the periphery of the town, house-rent finds its measure in agricultural rent, and rises towards the business centre, according to desirability of situation. The more valuable for cultivation the land round about the town is, the dearer will be the houses in that town. To this extent agricultural rent acts as a universal element of costs in the calculation of house-rents.

The differential rents received from favoured sites do not make houses dearer, but are rather a result of the high valuation placed upon houses in a favourable situation. And in so far as the need for dwelling-houses and the need for business premises compete with each other, does the one employment of land act upon the other as an element of costs.

In following out this line of thought we see that Ricardo's proposition gradually loses its applicability almost entirely, as the cultivation of land becomes very artificial, and the uses of land multiply. The various employments begin to compete with each other, and one has always to make choice among several; thus the differential rents which are surrendered take effect as costs.

Ricardo's proposition that the rent of land does not enter into costs, can be legitimately applied only to land devoted of necessity to one distinct use, such as mines, vineyards, and the like.

同类推荐
  • 顶轮王大曼荼罗灌顶仪轨

    顶轮王大曼荼罗灌顶仪轨

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • A Wasted Day

    A Wasted Day

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 杨维桢集

    杨维桢集

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 仇史

    仇史

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 台湾兵备手抄

    台湾兵备手抄

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 仙之天问

    仙之天问

    突然,远远地天际出现两道一白一红一前一后不大不小两道亮光,各自坠落不同的方向,对于不曾见过的的人而言,却以为那是天外来的流星陨石。那速度却是极快,由远及近,划破天空,留下一道长长的“尾巴”,朝着庐江坠落,瞬间只见那白色光团“嗖”的一声径直最落在离天枫桥不远处的庐江上游里,而那红色光团消失于西方。那白色光团在坠落水面的瞬间,溅起一片白光,震起的波浪不断拍打着船身,看到这个情景,当时就把天枫桥夫妇惊得不能自已,以为是什么天神下凡了。半晌,才回过神来的二人,迅速把小木舟划到在坠落处,那白光却也瞬间的熄灭了,仿佛刚才的只是一个幻象。
  • 坠世仙医

    坠世仙医

    纵然飞仙坠凡世,壮志岂能坠青云?仙落凡尘附身纨绔,他能否创造属于自己的传奇?捏一颗小泥丸,略施小计便取得绝世高手的誓死追随。造化在手,谁人敢不听号令?逆天帝魂寄居在身,何惧宵小之辈?
  • 极限任务系统

    极限任务系统

    在这个凝练战灵的世界,方易很荣幸的穿越而来,并且带着系统,这显然想要成为天地间的强者不是梦啊!但,系统里面全是任务,要想变强,依旧任重而道远。只是刚走上强者之路的方易,忽然发现这个世界有一团无形的风暴在展开,而他却站在风暴的中心!既然逃脱不了,那就只能越来越强。战灵咆哮,灵术飞扬,这个世界终究要有人去改变!
  • 痴心腐女PK绝情兵哥

    痴心腐女PK绝情兵哥

    大好青春年华别人追星她追兵,一场意外让她与他一交倾心再交刻骨。片段一:苏奕:“找当兵的男友很累很痛苦,还会痛心。”夏晨曦:“不经历风雨怎见彩虹!”多么豪言壮志,只是她真的经历风雨之后见到彩虹了吗?片段二:夏晨曦:“我们分手吧!”再一次的爱情让夏晨曦知道她再也不适合爱情,即使他处处谦让着她----何易宸:“为什么?”看着面前这个让他唯一听话的女孩他的心很痛很痛,他们都是兵可是----片段三:夏晨曦:“楚翼轩,你是不是想死!”看着一脸愤怒的小女人,楚翼轩邪魅的笑道:“我说过你是我的女人,也只能是我的。”
  • 野望星空

    野望星空

    埃卡隆武装文明的试猎生物时。一个新的意识产生,同时产生或许不止一个简单的意识,可能也许是恶魔或者天使。为了活下去我必须战斗,为了生存我会毁了一切,也可能创造新的世界。
  • 乖乖甜心萌萝莉

    乖乖甜心萌萝莉

    在一所偶像学院里面,有许多风云人物,这是一所明星学院……上官瑞安:承认我是帅哥你会死吗?佳穎:我当然承认你是‘衰哥’啦!警报:前方高能,小鲜肉正在靠近。
  • 紫殇之泪:未染倾城

    紫殇之泪:未染倾城

    她,异世妖神,被封印千年,神识留在现代特工身上,她,有穿越到了史上前无所有的,灵幻大陆,成为了阡陌府的嫡女,因为被封印了巨大的力量,和女娲神裔的力量。出生时,彩云四起被世人说为圣女,却因为是嫡女的身份,可倾国倾城的容貌,。当她穿越成了她,又会发生怎样的事?他,这个世界的帝尊,有着祸水的容貌,他,花妖,倾国倾城的容貌他们与她又会怎样呢?本书还有名字,叫帝凰绝&风倾天下帝凰绝&阡陌未染帝凰绝&风挽狂澜作品主角:女主(阡陌倾城)男主1(帝君冥)男主2(妖未央)男主三(殇月)
  • 重生之昨日梦

    重生之昨日梦

    你愿意回到过去吗?大概很多人都会愿意吧。程诺回到了过去,那是四月中旬,空中飘荡着花香。那里有他曾经最喜欢的人,有他曾经最在乎的人,有曾经最爱他的人,有他曾对不起的人。最重要的是,他不知道,这是昨日梦,还是今日现实………更重要的是,一个个身负异能的人,从他重生后的第三年开始不断出现,而他也在十八岁生日那天,突然觉醒了属于自己前世的异能--时空掌控,以及这一世的异能,才发现,在自己记忆的断层中,所掩藏的那些曾经的秘密............
  • 魔族王子的甜蜜恋人

    魔族王子的甜蜜恋人

    一切故事都围绕着,上官泓是否要杀死于乐乐,夺取他的灵魂,从而为大哥上官畅复活恋人袁雪儿。魔族的王子来到现实社会,化身中学生,同时与于乐乐在中学校园里经历各种喜怒哀乐。上官泓随时都有杀死于乐乐的念头,上官畅是他崇拜的偶像,是一直照拂他的大哥,无论是在战场上,还是在平时的生活当中。
  • 重生小山神

    重生小山神

    我是小山神,山城贾庄人,有屋又有田,生活乐无边。