18. Aristotle, Politics , 1. VII, c. 9.
19. See especially Athenaeus, Banquet des Savants , éd. Dindorf, Vol. i. Lipsiae, 1827, pp. 822, 323.
20. Athenaeus, Vol I. pp. 314, 315, 1. iv. ?16.
21. Athenaeus, Vol. i. p. 402, l. v. ?2.
22. Demostli. Oratio adversus Macartatum . Parisiis, Didot, 1845, p. 565.
23. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities , 1. II, c. 23.
24. Aristotle, Politics , 1. vii. c. 9.
25. It is surprising that there is no chapter devoted to the common repasts in the work of Dorn Sciffen, Vestigia vitaeNonsadicae, tam in moribus quam legibus Romanorum conspicua 26. Diodorus. v. 84.
27. Diodorus, v. 81, 83.
28. Diodorus, v. 15.
29. See Thirlwall, History of Greece ; Grote, History of Greece ; Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums .
30. Aristotle, Politics .
31. Politics , II. 9.
32. Politics , II, 4. As represented to us by Aristotle, these Greek laws as to the preservation of the original parcels seem tobe connected with an aristocratic sentiment, and to have been generally intended to prevent the plebs from attaining toproperty, and so to magistracies and honours. Are we therefore to conclude that the lower classes were originally excludedfrom these distributions, or must we suppose, that, by the number of primitive parcels remaining invariable, and thepopulation at the same time increasing, landed property became, in consequence, an aristocratic privilege, and themaintenance of the original parcels a safeguard for the higher classes? It is difficult to answer these questions with the aid ofsome few lines of Aristotle. We should, however, lean to the second solution.
33. Politics , v. 6. Here the prohibition against acquisition seems to be regarded as a safeguard against oligarchy, which isalways apt to be created by the purchase of land. There is no doubt that, in consequence of local circumstances, acquisitionswere made at Thurium for the benefit of those who already had property, while elsewhere the proletarians were purchasers.
Thus the same primitive law may become, in one case, an aristocratic guarantee against democracy, and, in another, asecurity against the development of an aristocracy.
34. Diodorus, XII, 11.
35. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ant. Rosa . II, 3.
36. Varro, De Lingua Latina , v. 55.
37. Varro, De re rustica , I, 10, 38. Pliny, Natural History , xviii. 2.
39. "Land is conveyed by sin formalities, by the assent of townsmen, of kindred, of neighbours, and of heirs, and by thedelivery of gold and of water." (Colebrooke, A Digest of Hindu Law , II, 161, Art. XXXIII.). Conf. Orianne, Traité originaldes successions d'après le droit hindou; extrait du Mitacahara de Vijnyaéswara , Paris, 1844, p. 49.Pross'onno CoomarTagore, A succinct Commentary of the Hindoo Law prevalent in Mithila, from the original Sanscrit of Viachaspati Misra .
Calcutta, 1863, p. 310.See Caract. collect . des premières propriétés imrnobilières, by Viollet, p. 30. "According to MrGeorge Campbell, the alienation of landed property is very rare. The village community has a right of veto, and would notallow the entry of any stranger who might he obnoxious." "The seizure and sale of land for the payment of a debt is an ideaunknown to the Hindoos." Systems of Land Tenure in various Countries , p. 166.
40. Puchta, Cursus der Institut .
41. Sir William Hay Macnaghten, Principles of Hindu and Mahammedan Law , c. iv. pp. 204, 205.
42. M. Viollet borrows these facts from Bourdot de Richebourg, Vol. i. p. 306 and 347.
43. Libri feudorum , lib. v. tit. XIII XIV.
44. Gurdon, On Courts Baron , and Kelham, Domesday Book , p. 242.
45. For the towns of Amiens and Lille, see the sources quoted by M. Viollet, Ancient Customs of Amiens (first half of thethirteenth century), Art. 6 in A. Thierry, Recueil des Mon. inédits du Tiers-Etat, district of the North , Vol. 1, p. 129.
Second custom previous to 1292, ibid. pp. 163, 164. Conf. a sale effected in 1170 before the commune of Amiens; a gift in1195 of the same kind, ibid. pp. 94, 95118, 119.
46. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Agis . Aristotle, Politics , II, p. 10.
47. Aristotle, Politics , II, 4, 4.
48. Id. II, 8, 7.
49. Æschines, Contra Timarchum .
50. Mitacshara, trad. Orianne , p. 50.
51. Blume, Die westgothische Antiqua oder des Gesetzbuch Reccared des Ersten , 1847, ch. 294, p. 18, 20.
52. See Law of the Thuringians , lit. xiii.: "Libero homini liceat hareditatem suam eui voluerit tradere." Canciani, Bar. leg.
antiq ., v. xii. pp. 3136, and Walter, Corpus jur. Germ ., v. s. p. 380.
Law of the Saxons, lit. xv., "Traditiones et venditiones omnes legitimae, stabiles permaneant," and the following withCanciani's commentary, v. iii. p. 51. Cf. Lex. Burg . t. I., and tit. LXXXIV. ?1, in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Leg ., tit. xii. pp.
532568.Lex Alemannorum, in Pertz, Mon. Leges , t. iii. p. 45. (borrowed from M. Viollet).
53. Canciani, Barb, leg. ant ., t. iii. p. 59.
54. Honard, Traités sur les coutumes Anglo-normandes , t. II, pp. 449, 450.
55. Schildener's translation, Guta-Lagh, Greifswald, 1818, p. 59, and compare Mirror of Saxony , l. I. art. 34:"Ohne desRichters Urlaub, mag ein Mann sein Eigen wohl vergeben mit genehm seiner Erben; nur dass en eine halbe Hufe davonbehalte und ein Gehoeft, da man einen Wagen darauf umwenden mag." (Translation by Sachase, Sachsenspiegel oderSaechsisches Landrecht , Heidelberg, 1848, p. 72.)56. Codicillus jurium civitatum megapolensium de an. 1859, in Westphalen: Monumenta inedita rerum germanicarumpraecipuè cimbricarum et megapolensium , II, Lipsiae, 1739, col. 2064.
57. Plato, Laws , xi.
58. See Sir George Campbell's Essay in the Cobden Club's volume, Systems of Land-tenure in various Countries , p. 172.
59. Plutarch, Solon , 21.
60. Fustel de Coulanges, La cité antique , 3rd edit., p. 89.
61. Tacitus, Germania , xx.
62. Laboulaye, De la condition civile et politique des Femmes , p. 90.
63. Ancient Law , p. 172.
CHAPTER XI.
