Knies，Die Eisenbahnen und ihre Wirkungen (1853)，Der Telegraph (1857)，Geld und Credit (18737679)；R?sler，ZurKritik der Lekre vom Arbeitslohn (1861)；Schmoller，Zur Geschichte aer deutschen Klein gewerbe im 19Jahrh .(1870)；Sch?ffle，Theorie der ausschliessenden Absatzverhaltnisse (1867)，Quintessenz des socialismus (6th ed.，1878)，Grundsatzeder Steuerpolitik (1880)Nasse，Mittelalterliche Feldgemeinschaft in England (1869)；Brentano，On the History andDevelopment of Gilds ，prefixed to Toulmin Smith's English Gilds (1870)，Die Arbeitergilden der Gegenwart (187172)，Das Arbeitsverhaltniss gemass dem heutigen Recht (1877)，Die Arbeitsversicherung getnass der heutigenWirthschaftsordnung (1879)，Der Arbeitsversicherungszwang (1884)，Die klassische Nationalokonomie (1888)；Held (born1844，accidentally drowned in the Lake of Thun，1880)，Die Einkommensteuer (1872)，Die deutsche Arbeiterpresse derGegenwart (1873)，Sozialismus，Sozialdemokratie und Sozialpolitik (1878)，Grundriss fur Vorlesungen uberNationalokonomie (2d ed.，1878)；Zwei Bucher zur socialen Geschichte Englands (posthumously published，1881)；VonScheel (born 1839)，Die Theorie der socialen Frage (1871)，Unsere social politischen Parteien (1878)；Von B?hmBawerk，Kapital und Kapitalzinstheorien (188489).To these may be added L.von Stein，Die Verwaltungslehre (187679)，Lehrbuch der Finanzwissenschaft (4th ed.，1878).E.Duhring is the ablest of the few German followers of Carey；we havealready mentioned (Bibl.Note)his History of the Science.To the Russian German school belongs the work of T.vonBernhardi，which is written from the historical point of view，Versuch einer Kritik der Grunde welehe fur grosses undkleines Grundeigenthum angefuhrt werden (1848).The free trade school of Germany is recognized as having rendered greatpractical services in that country，especially by its systematic warfare against antiquated privileges and restrictions.Cobdenhas furnished the model of its political action，whilst，on the side of theory，it is founded chiefly on Say and Bastiat.Themembers of this school whose names have been most frequently heard by the English public are those of J.Prince Smith (d.
1874)，who may be regarded as having been its head；H.von Treitschke，author of Der Socialismus und seine Gonner ，1875(directed against the Katheder Socialisten)V.B?hmert，who has advocated the participation of workmen in profits (DieGewinnbetheiligung ，1878)；A.Emminghaus，author of Das Armenwesen in Europaischen Staaten ，1870，part of which hasbeen translated in E.B.Eastwick's Poor Relief in Different Parts of Europe ，1873；and J.H.Schultze Delitzsch，well knownas the founder of the German popular banks，and a strenuous supporter of the system of "co-operation."The socialistwriters，as has been already mentioned，are not included in the present historical survey，nor do we in general notice writingsof the economists (properly so called)having relation to the history of socialism or the controversy with it.
The movement which created the new school in Germany，with the developments which have grown out of it，have withoutdoubt given to that country at the present time the primacy in economic studies.German influence has been felt in themodification of opinion in other countriesmost strongly，perhaps，in Italy，and least so in France.In England it has beensteadily making way，though retarded by the insular indifference to the currents of foreign thought which has eminentlymarked our dominant school.Alongside of the influence thus exerted，a general distaste for the "orthodox"system has beenspontaneously growing，partly from a suspicion that its method was unsound，partly from a profound dissatisfaction with thepractice it inspired，and the detected hollowness of the policy of mere laisser faire.Hence everywhere a mode of thinkingand a species of research have shown themselves，and come into favour，which are in harmony with the systematicconceptions of the historical economists.Thus a dualism has established itself in the economic world，a younger schooladvancing towards predominance，whilst the old school still defends its position，though its adherents tend more and more tomodify their attitude and to admit the value of the new lights.
ITALY
