登陆注册
15690300000067

第67章 Chapter V(43)

The three divisions of the book relate respectively to (1)value,(2)labour and capital,and (3)international trade,In the firsthe begins by elucidating the meaning of the word "value,"and under this head controverts the view of Jevons that theexchange value of anything depends entirely on its utility,without,perhaps,distinctly apprehending what Jevons meant bythis proposition.On supply and demand he shows,as Say had done before,that these,regarded as aggregates,are notindependent,but strictly connected and mutually dependent phenomena-identical,indeed,under a system of barter,butunder a money system,conceivable as distinct,Supply and demand with respect to particular commodities must beunderstood to mean supply and demand at a given price;and thus we are introduced to the ideas of market price and normalprice (as,following Cherbuliez,he terms what Smith less happily called natural price).Normal price again leads to theconsideration of cost of production,and here,against Mill and others,he denies that profit and wages enter into cost ofproduction;in other words,he asserts what Senior (whom he does not name)had said before him,though he had notconsistently carried out the nomenclature,that cost of production is the sum of labour and abstinence necessary toproduction,wags and profits being the remuneration of sacrifice and not elements of it.But,it may well be asked,How canan amount of labour be added to an amount of abstinence?Must not wages and profits be taken as "measures of cost "?Byadhering to the conception of,"sacrifice"he exposes the emptiness of the assertion that "dear labour is the great obstacle tothe extension of British trade "--a sentence in which "British trade "means capitalists'profits.At this point we areintroduced to a doctrine now first elaborated,though there are indications of it in Mill,of whose theory of internationalvalues it is in fact an extension.In foreign trade cost of production,in Cairnes's sense,does not regulate values,because itcannot perform that function except under a regime of effective competition,and between different countries effectivecompetition does not exist.But,Cairnes asks,to what extent does it exist in domestic industries?So far as capital isconcerned,he thinks the condition is sufficiently fulfilled over the whole field--a position,let it be said in passing,which hedoes not seem to make out,if we consider the practical immobility of most invested,as distinct from disposable,capital.Butin the case of labour the requisite competition takes place only within certain social,or rather industrial,strata.The world ofindustry may be divided into a series of superposed groups,and these groups are practically:"non-competing,"thedisposable labour in any one of them being rarely capable of choosing its field in a higher.(57)The law that cost of productiondetermines price cannot,therefore,be absolutely stated respecting domestic any more than respecting internationalexchange,.as it fails for the latter universally,so it fails for the former as between non-competing groups.The law that holdsbetween these is similar to that governing international values,which may be called the equation of reciprocal demand.Sucha state of relative prices will establish itself amongst the products of these groups as shall enable that portion of the productsof each group which is applied to the purchase of the products of all other groups to discharge its liabilities towards thoseother groups.The reciprocal demand of the groups determines the "average relative level "of prices within each group;whilst cost of production regulates the distribution of price among the individual products of each group This theorem isperhaps of no great practical value;but the tendency of the whole investigation is to attenuate the importance of cost ofproduction as a regulator of normal price,and so to show that yet another of the accepted doctrines of the science had beenpropounded in too rigid and absolute a form.As to market price,the formula by which Mill had defined it as the price whichequalises demand and supply Cairnes shows to be an identical proposition,and he defines it as the price which mostadvantageously adjusts the existing supply to the existing demand pending the coming forward of fresh supplies from thesources of production.

同类推荐
  • 颜氏学记

    颜氏学记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • The Origins of Contemporary France

    The Origins of Contemporary France

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 云光集

    云光集

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 后三国演义

    后三国演义

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 徐兆玮日记

    徐兆玮日记

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 独宠血妃:邪王,无赖

    独宠血妃:邪王,无赖

    又是一个月圆之时,她,再度失控,差点杀死了自己最在意的人,为什么会这样?她的魂魄,竟是现代穿越而来的!王牌特工,再一次任务失败,喝下了特制“饮料”,控制了神经和大脑,到了月圆之时就会发作。她,一直在寻找解药。奈何她的血到病发的第二天又恢复了红色,不再是黑色,没了线索,无法对症下药。“喂!小猫,你怎么了?”一个慵懒有磁性的薄荷音响起。“走开,不关你事!别碰我!小心小命不保!”[病发ing]“挺有意思的,第一次听见有人这么跟我说话。”[坏坏的笑]“或许……我能治好你的病呢?”
  • 盛京密事

    盛京密事

    在繁华的新一线城市——奉天。古老的秘术和屌丝男特殊的推力融合在一起。传说!灵异!官场!暗幕!被抽丝剥茧的揭开……细腻的画面感带你来到故事之中,现场还原奉天这个古老而现代的都市,是你可以拿出地图来寻找的真实感!好了,不多说了……帅哥、美女都等急眼了。
  • 血染华夏之空间重生之女

    血染华夏之空间重生之女

    她是孤儿,在孤儿院里,她与一个很要好的姐妹被神秘的组织带走,当时她们还不知道怎么回事,只因那男人的一句话“如果想活下去,就加入了这个组织”她与那个姐妹开始非人一般的训练,长大成人后成为世界顶尖杀手,并分别获得了称号,夜七、火狐。却因火狐的嫉妒,使她命丧于别墅。一朝重生,借尸还魂,空间在手,天下我有。她不再懦弱,不在隐忍,开始她的强大逆袭之路!
  • 诡影盗墓

    诡影盗墓

    盗墓,是渊源古远的社会文化现象。人点烛,鬼吹灯,勘舆倒斗觅星峰;我书写的不是冷锋炎的个人记,而是处在一个时代,以及处身于这个时代之中,那一代摸金校尉的故事。
  • 公子劫财不劫色

    公子劫财不劫色

    苏家二小姐女扮男装十八年,上殴打过太子下调戏过丞相,时不时还去王府会一会病怏怏的王爷。没事偷个宝贝顺便吃点豆腐,引得逍遥山庄的庄主见到她就拎刀砍,时间久了竟然还砍出感情来。苏雨,一个能打架能骂街能装酷能卖萌的女人,谁才是那个能驾驭她的男人?女装的她牵动着王爷的心。【情节虚构,请勿模仿】
  • 昔年往日

    昔年往日

    她们,有着至高无上的黑道至尊血统,但有人却不怕死的抛弃了她们,一次又一次的受到伤害,一次又一次的爬起来!但是她们的命运却在第一天进入学院的时候,就已经改变了,对,彻彻底底改变了!从他们的相识、相知、相恋到相爱,都让人羡慕不已!伤痕累累的她们,命运会如何转变?
  • 傻瓜与笨蛋——谁也不后悔

    傻瓜与笨蛋——谁也不后悔

    记得,他那张充满稚气的脸,又帅又拽的样子,在脑海中浮现。桃花林中,漫天纷飞的桃花瓣。“你长得这么笨,长大了没人会要你。算了,我大发慈悲,将来我娶你。免得你没人要。”他信誓旦旦地讲。“少臭美,我才不要你呢。你才没人要。”她不领情。“真是笨蛋一个。”他坏坏地笑着说。“你…傻瓜……”她不甘输地骂回去。“笨蛋。”“傻瓜。”“……”小时候的约定,长大后能否兑现?不得以分开了,会不会再遇到?长大后的相遇,会发生什么呢?
  • 福妻驾到

    福妻驾到

    现代饭店彪悍老板娘魂穿古代。不分是非的极品婆婆?三年未归生死不明的丈夫?心狠手辣的阴毒亲戚?贪婪而好色的地主老财?吃上顿没下顿的贫困宭境?不怕不怕,神仙相助,一技在手,天下我有!且看现代张悦娘,如何身带福气玩转古代,开面馆、收小弟、左纳财富,右傍美男,共绘幸福生活大好蓝图!!!!快本新书《天媒地聘》已经上架开始销售,只要3.99元即可将整本书抱回家,你还等什么哪,赶紧点击下面的直通车,享受乐乐精心为您准备的美食盛宴吧!)
  • 轮回劫之前世缘

    轮回劫之前世缘

    很久以前,有一条凡间的小鲤鱼。有一次偶然的机会得到了天界的仙茶,小鲤鱼经过刻苦的修行,终于鲤鱼跃龙门化身为龙,并成为了佛教的护法天龙。由于小鲤鱼在修行过程中,经常和王母身边的清灵仙子一起完任务,本身小鲤鱼就喜欢清灵仙子。在他功成名就之后,想要和清灵仙子在一起,但他们在一起却触犯了天条,由于小鲤鱼不服天条的压迫和管束,由此便在仙界掀起了一场大风暴......
  • 傲世狂宠废物三小姐

    傲世狂宠废物三小姐

    她本是二十一世纪令人闻风丧胆胆特工,却因遭爱人背叛致死,穿越到丞相府废物三小姐身上。从此,脱胎换骨,不再有往日的懦弱。说她是废物,没有斗气?她偏偏比你强。爹不爱?没关系,反正不是亲爹。庶女姨娘欺负?没关系,她十倍百倍奉还。她身世不明?没关系,慢慢查。可是,谁来告诉她,她哪里招惹了令人躲之不及的邪王?十里红妆,只为她。一句诺言,一生一世一双人。“汐儿,你注定是我的,也只能是我的!”本文情节曲折,喜欢穿越的朋友进!作者特此致谢:本小说封面由墨星小说封面网免费制作,还没有封面的作者同行们赶快去免费申请啦!百度搜索“墨星”即可找到!