The forgery was issued in the closing days of the canvass, when there was not time to expose it.Arrangements had been made for a wide distribution of facsimiles which exerted a strong influence.
Hancock won five out of the six electoral votes of California and came near getting the three votes of Oregon also.In the popular vote of the whole country, Garfield had a plurality of less than ten thousand in a total vote of over nine million.
The peculiarities of the party system which has been developed in American politics, forces upon the President the occupation of employment agent as one of his principal engagements.The contention over official patronage, always strong and ardent upon the accession of every new President, was aggravated in Garfield's case by the factional war of which his own nomination was a phase.The factions of the Republican party in New York at this period were known as the "Stalwarts" and the "Half-Breeds,"the former adhering to the leadership of Senator Conkling, the latter to the leadership of Mr.Blaine, whom President Garfield had appointed to be his Secretary of State.Soon after the inauguration of Garfield it became manifest that he would favor the "Half-Breeds"; but under the Constitution appointments are made by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and both the Senators from New York were "Stalwarts." Although the Constitution contemplates the action of the entire Senate as the advisory body in matters of appointment, a practice had been established by which the Senators from each State were accorded the right to dictate appointments in their respective States.
According to Senator Hoar, when he entered public life in 1869, "the Senate claimed almost the entire control of the executive function of appointment to office....What was called 'the courtesy of the Senate' was depended upon to enable a Senator to dictate to the executive all appointments and removals in his territory." This practice was at its greatest height when President Garfield challenged the system, and he let it be understood that he would insist upon his constitutional right to make nominations at his own discretion.When Senator Conkling obtained from a caucus of his Republican colleagues an expression of sympathy with his position, the President let it be known that he regarded such action as an affront and he withdrew all New York nominations except those to which exception had been taken by the New York Senators, thus confronting the Senate with the issue whether they would stand by the new Administration or would follow Conkling's lead.
On the other hand, Senator Conkling and his adherents declared the issue to be simply whether competent public officials should be removed to make room for factional favorites.This view of the case was adopted by Vice-President Arthur and by Postmaster-General James of Garfield's own Cabinet, who, with New York Senators Conkling and Platt, signed a remonstrance in which they declared that in their belief the interests of the public service would not be promoted by the changes proposed.These changes were thus described in a letter of May 14,1881, from the New York Senators to Governor Cornell of New York:
"Some weeks ago, the President sent to the Senate in a group the nominations of several persons for public offices already filled.
One of these offices is the Collectorship of the Port of New York, now held by General Merritt; another is the consul generalship at London, now held by General Badeau; another is Charge d'Affaires to Denmark, held by Mr.Cramer; another is the mission to Switzerland, held by Mr.Fish, a son of the former Secretary of State....It was proposed to displace them all, not for any alleged fault of theirs, or for any alleged need or advantage of the public service, but in order to give the great offices of Collector of the Port of New York to Mr.William H.
Robertson as a 'reward' for certain acts of his, said to have aided in making the nomination of General Garfield possible....
We have not attempted to 'dictate,' nor have we asked the nomination of one person to any office in the State."Except in the case of their remonstrance against the Robertson appointment, they had "never even expressed an opinion to the President in any case unless questioned in regard to it." Along with this statement the New York Senators transmitted their resignations, saying "we hold it respectful and becoming to make room for those who may correct all the errors we have made, and interpret aright all the duties we have misconceived."The New York Legislature was then in session.Conkling and Platt offered themselves as candidates for reelection, and a protracted factional struggle ensued; in the course of which, the nation was shocked by the news that President Garfield had been assassinated by a disappointed once seeker in a Washington railway station on July 2, 1881.The President died from the effects of the wound on the 19th of September.Meanwhile, the contest in the New York Legislature continued until the 22d of July when the deadlock was broken by the election of Warner Miller and Elbridge G.Lapham to fill the vacancies.
The deep disgust with which the nation regarded this factional war, and the horror inspired by the assassination of President Garfield, produced a revulsion of public opinion in favor of civil service reform so energetic as to overcome congressional antipathy.Senator Pendleton's bill to introduce the merit system, which had been pending for nearly two years, was passed by the Senate on December 27, 1882, and by the House on January 4, 1883.The importance of the act lay in its recognition of the principles of the reform and in its provision of means by which the President could apply those principles.A Civil Service Commission was created, and the President was authorized to classify the Civil Service and to provide selection by competitive examination for all appointments to the service thus classified.The law was essentially an enabling act, and its practical efficacy was contingent upon executive discretion.
