"Visum fuit curiae, quod unusquisque magister navis tenetur respondere de quacunque transgressione per servientes suos in navi sua facta." The Laws of Oleron were relied on in this case.
Cf. Stat. of the Staple, Ed. III., Stat. 2, c. 19. Later, the influence of the Roman law is clear.
20/2 Quon. Attach., c. 48, pl. 10 et seq. Cf. The Forme and Maner of Baron Courts, c. 62 et seq.
21/1 Forme and Maner of Baron Courts, c. 63.
21/2 C. 64. This substantially follows the Quoniam Attachiamenta, c. 48, pl. 13, but is a little clearer. Contra, Fitzh. Abr.
Corone, Pl. 389, 8 Ed. II.
22/1 Fitzh. Abr. Barre, pl. 290.
22/2 Mitchil v. Alestree, 1 Vent. 295; S.C. 2 Lev. 172; S.C. 3Keb. 650. Cf. May b. Burdett, 9 Q.B.101, 113.
22/3 May v. Burdett, 9 Q.B.101.
22/4 Mason v. Keeling, 12 Mod. 332, 335; S.C. 1 Ld. Raym. 606, 608.
23/1 Williams, J. in Cox v. Burbidge, 13 C.B. N.S. 430, 438. Cf.
Willes, J. in Read v. Edwards, 17 C.B. N.S. 245, 261.
23/2 Mason v. Keeling, 1 Ld. Raym. 606, 608.
23/3 In the laws of Ine, c. 42 (1 Thorpe, Anc. Laws, 129), personal liability seems to be imposed where there is a failure to fence. But if an animal breaks hedges the only remedy mentioned is to kill it, the owner to have the skin and flesh, and forfeit the rest. The defendant was held "because it was found that this was for default of guarding them,...for default of good guard," in 27 Ass., pl. 56, fol. 141, A.D. 1353 or 1354.
It is much later that the reason is stated in the absolute form, "because I am bound by law to keep my beasts without doing wrong to any one." Mich. 12 Henry VII., Keilway, 3b, pl. 7. See, further, the distinctions as to a horse killing a man in Regiam Majestatem, IV, c. 24.
24/1 Fol. 128.
24/2 Cf. 1 Britton (Nich.), 6a, b, 16 (top paging 15, 39);Bract., fol. 136b; LL. Alfred, c. 13 (1 Thorpe, Anc. Laws, p.
71); Lex Saxon., Tit. XIII.; Leg Alamann., Tit. CIII. 24.
25/1 Fleta, I. 26, Section 10; Fitzh. Abr. Corone, pl. 416. See generally Staundforde, P.C., I. c. 2, fol. 20 et seq.; 1 Hale, P.C. 410 et seq.
25/2 Doctor and Student, Dial. 2, c. 51.
25/3 Plowd. 260.
25/4 Jacob, Law Dict. Deodand.
25/5 Y.B. 30 & 31 Ed. I., pp. 524, 525; cf. Bract., fol. 136b.
26/1 Fitzh. Abr. Corone, pl. 403.
26/2 Bract. 122; 1 Britton (Nich.), top p. 16; Fleta, Ic. 25, Section 9, fol. 37.
26/3 1 Hale, P.C. 423.
26/4 1 Rot. Parl. 372; 2 Rot. Parl. 345, 372a, b; 3 Rot. Parl.
94a, 120a, 121; 4 Rot. Parl. 12a, b, 492b, 493. But see 1 Hale, P.C. 423.
26/5 1 Black Book of the Admiralty, 242.
27/1 Cf. Ticonderoga, Swabey, 215, 217.
27/2 China, 7 Wall. 53.
28/1 Doctor and Student, Dial. 2, c. 51.
28/2 1 Roll. Abr. 530 (C) 1.
29/1 3 Black Book of Adm. 103.
29/2 Malek Adhel, 2 How. 210, 234.
30/1 3 Kent, 218; Customs of the Sea, cap. 27, 141, 182, in 3Black Book of the Admiralty, 103, 243, 245.
31/1 3 Kent's Comm. 188.
31/2 Clay v. Snelgrave, 1 Ld. Raym. 576, 577; S.C. 1 Salk. 33.
Cf. Molloy, p. 355, Book II. ch. 3, Section 8.
31/3 "Ans perdront lurs loers quant la nef est perdue." 2 Black Book, 213. This is from the Judgments of the Sea, which, according to the editor (II., pp. xliv., xlvii.), is the most ancient extant source of modern maritime law except the decisions of Trani. So Molloy, Book II. ch. 3, Section7, p. 354: "If the ship perishes at sea they lose their wages." So 1 Siderfin, 236, pl.
2.
32/1 3 Black Book, pp. lix., lxxiv.
32/2 3 Black Book, 263. It should be added, however, that it is laid down in the same book that, if the vessel is detained in port by the local authorities, the master is not bound to give the mariners wages, "for he has earned no freight."32/3 Lipson v. Harrison, 2 Weekly Rep. 10. Cf. Louisa Jane, 2Lowell, 295.
32/4 3 Kent's Comm. (12th ed.), 218; ib. 138, n. 1.
32/5 3 Kent, 218.
32/6 Justin v. Ballam, 1 Salk. 34; S.C. 2 Ld. Raym. 805.
33/1 D. 20. 4. 5 & 6; cf. Livy, XXX. 38.
33/2 Pardessus, Droit. Comm., n. 961.
33/3 3 Keb. 112, 114, citing 1 Roll. Abr. 530.
34/1 Godbolt, 260.
34/2 3 Colquhoun, Roman Civil Law, Section 2196.
35/1 Lex Salica (Merkel), LXXVII.; Ed. Hilperich., Section 5.
36/1 See Lecture III., ad fin.
39/1 Cf. 2 Hawk. P.C. 303 et seq.; 27 Ass. 25.
40/1 2 Palgrave, Commonwealth, cxxx., cxxxi.
41/1 Butler, Sermons, VIII. Bentham, Theory of Legislation (Principles of Penal Code, Part 2, ch. 16), Hildreth's tr., p.
309.
41/2 General View of the Criminal Law of England, p. 99.
43/1 Wharton, Crim. Law, (8th ed.) Section8, n. 1.
43/2 Ibid., Section 7.
43/3 Even the law recognizes that this is a sacrifice.
Commonwealth v. Sawin, 2 Pick. (Mass.) 547, 549.
47/1 Cf. 1 East, P.C. 294; United States v. Holmes, 1 Wall. Jr.
1; 1 Bishop, Crim. Law, Sections 347-349, 845 (6th ed.); 4 Bl.
Comm.
31.
51/1 Art. 223.
51/2 General View of the Criminal Law of England, p. 116.
53/1 Harris, Criminal Law, p. 13.
53/2 Steph. Dig. Crim. Law, Art. 223, Illustration (6), and n. 1.
56/1 4 Bl. Comm. 192.
57/1 Cf. 4 Bl. Comm. 197.
58/1 Reg. v. Hibbert, L.R. 1 C.C. 184.
59/1 Reg. v. Prince, L.R. 2 C.C. 154.
59/2 Commonwealth v. Hallett, 103 Mass. 452.
60/1 Stephen, Dig. Cr. Law, Art. 223, Illustr. (5); Foster, 294, 295.
60/2 Cf. Gray's case, cited 2 Strange, 774.
60/3 Steph. Dig., Art. 223, Illustr. (1).
60/4 Steph. Dig., Art. 223, Illustr. (8).
60/5 Rex v. Mastin, 6 C.&P. 396. Cf. Reg. v. Swindall, 2 C. & K.
230.
60/6 4 Bl. Comm. 192.
62/1 Steph. Dig. Cr. Law, Art. 225.
62/2 Rex v. Shaw, 6 C.&P. 372.
62/3 Rex v. Oneby, 2 Strange, 766, 773.
62/4 Rex v. Hayward, 6 C.&P. 157.
63/1 Commonwealth v. Walden, 3 Cush. (Mass.) 558. Cf. Steph. Gen.
View of the Crim. Law, 84.
64/1 2 Bishop Crim. Law, Section 14 (6th ed.).
64/2 Glanv., Lib. XIV. c. 4.
64/3 Bract., fol. 146b.
64/4 Ibid.
64/5 2 East, P.C., c. 21, Sections 7, 8, pp. 1027, 1031.
66/1 1 Bishop, Crim. Law, Section 735 (6th ed.).
66/2 Reg. v. Dilworth, 2 Moo. & Rob. 531; Reg. v. Jones, 9 C.&P.
258. The statement that a man is presumed to intend the natural consequences of his acts is a mere fiction disguising the true theory. See Lecture IV.
67/1 Reg. v. Taylor, 1 F. & F. 511.
67/2 Reg. v. Roberts, 25 L. J. M. C. 17; S.C. Dearsly, C., C.
539.
68/1 Lewis v. The State, 35 Ala. 380.
