This campaign is truly Norman; it is wholly unlike the simple warfare of England.A traitorous Englishman did nothing or helped the enemy; a patriotic Englishman gave battle to the enemy the first time he had a chance.But no English commander of the eleventh century was likely to lay so subtle a plan as this, and, if he had laid such a plan, he would hardly have found an English army able to carry it out.Harold, who refused to lay waste a rood of English ground, would hardly have looked quietly on while many roods of English ground were wasted by the enemy.With all the valour of the Normans, what before all things distinguished them from other nations was their craft.William could indeed fight a pitched battle when a pitched battle served his purpose; but he could control himself, he could control his followers, even to the point of enduring to look quietly on the havoc of their own land till the right moment.He who could do this was indeed practising for his calling as Conqueror.And if the details of the story, details specially characteristic, are to be believed, William showed something also of that grim pleasantry which was another marked feature in the Norman character.The startling message which struck the French army with panic was deliberately sent with that end.The messenger sent climbs a tree or a rock, and, with a voice as from another world, bids the French awake; they are sleeping too long;let them go and bury their friends who are lying dead at Mortemer.
These touches bring home to us the character of the man and the people with whom our forefathers had presently to deal.William was the greatest of his race, but he was essentially of his race; he was Norman to the backbone.
Of the French army one division had been surprised and cut to pieces, the other had left Normandy without striking a blow.The war was not yet quite over; the French still kept Tillieres; William accordingly fortified the stronghold of Breteuil as a cheek upon it.
And he entrusted the command to a man who will soon be memorable, his personal friend William, son of his old guardian Osbern.King Henry was now glad to conclude a peace on somewhat remarkable terms.
William had the king's leave to take what he could from Count Geoffrey of Anjou.He now annexed Cenomannian--that is just now Angevin--territory at more points than one, but chiefly on the line of his earlier advances to Domfront and Ambrieres.Ambrieres had perhaps been lost; for William now sent Geoffrey a challenge to come on the fortieth day.He came on the fortieth day, and found Ambrieres strongly fortified and occupied by a Norman garrison.
With Geoffrey came the Breton prince Ode, and William or Peter Duke of Aquitaine.They besieged the castle; but Norman accounts add that they all fled on William's approach to relieve it.
Three years of peace now followed, but in 1058 King Henry, this time in partnership with Geoffrey of Anjou, ventured another invasion of Normandy.He might say that he had never been fairly beaten in his former campaign, but that he had been simply cheated out of the land by Norman wiles.This time he had a second experience of Norman wiles and of Norman strength too.King and Count entered the land and ravaged far and wide.William, as before, allowed the enemy to waste the land.He watched and followed them till he found a favourable moment for attack.The people in general zealously helped the Duke's schemes, but some traitors of rank were still leagued with the Count of Anjou.While William bided his time, the invaders burned Caen.This place, so famous in Norman history, was not one of the ancient cities of the land.It was now merely growing into importance, and it was as yet undefended by walls or castle.But when the ravagers turned eastward, William found the opportunity that he had waited for.As the French were crossing the ford of Varaville on the Dive, near the mouth of that river, he came suddenly on them, and slaughtered a large part of the army under the eyes of the king who had already crossed.The remnant marched out of Normandy.
Henry now made peace, and restored Tillieres.Not long after, in 1060, the King died, leaving his young son Philip, who had been already crowned, as his successor, under the guardianship of William's father-in-law Baldwin.Geoffrey of Anjou and William of Aquitaine also died, and the Angevin power was weakened by the division of Geoffrey's dominions between his nephews.William's position was greatly strengthened, now that France, under the new regent, had become friendly, while Anjou was no longer able to do mischief.William had now nothing to fear from his neighbours, and the way was soon opened for his great continental conquest.But what effect had these events on William's views on England? About the time of the second French invasion of Normandy Earl Harold became beyond doubt the first man in England, and for the first time a chance of the royal succession was opened to him.In 1057, the year before Varaville, the AEtheling Edward, the King's selected successor, died soon after his coming to England; in the same year died the King's nephew Earl Ralph and Leofric Earl of the Mercians, the only Englishmen whose influence could at all compare with that of Harold.Harold's succession now became possible; it became even likely, if Edward should die while Edgar the son of the AEtheling was still under age.William had no shadow of excuse for interfering, but he doubtless was watching the internal affairs of England.Harold was certainly watching the affairs of Gaul.About this time, most likely in the year 1058, he made a pilgrimage to Rome, and on his way back he looked diligently into the state of things among the various vassals of the French crown.His exact purpose is veiled in ambiguous language; but we can hardly doubt that his object was to contract alliances with the continental enemies of Normandy.Such views looked to the distant future, as William had as yet been guilty of no unfriendly act towards England.
