登陆注册
14827600000161

第161章

Nomadic tribes do not permanently expose any groups of their members to speciallocal conditions; nor does a stationary tribe, when occupying only a smallarea, maintain from generation to generation marked contrasts in the localconditions of its members; and in such tribes there are no decided economicdifferentiations. But a community which, by conquest, or otherwise, has overspreada large tract, and has become so far settled that its members live and diein their respective districts, keeps its several sections in different circumstances;and then they no longer remain alike in their occupations. Those who livedispersed continue to hunt or cultivate the earth; those who spread to thesea-shore fall into maritime occupations; while the inhabitants of some spotchosen, perhaps for its centrality, as one of periodic assemblage, becometraders, and a town springs up. In the adaptations of these social unitsto their respective functions, we see a progress from uniformity to multiformitycaused by unlike incidence of forces. Later in the process of social evolutionthese local adaptations are greatly multiplied. Differences in soil and climate,cause the rural inhabitants in different parts of the kingdom to have theiroccupations partially specialized, and to be come known as chiefly producingcattle, or sheep, or wheat, or oats, or hops, or fruit. People living wherecoal-fields are discovered are transformed into colliers; Cornishmen taketo mining because Cornwall is metalliferous; and iron-manufacture is thedominant industry where iron-stone is plentiful. Liverpool has taken to importingcotton, because of its proximity to the district where cotton-goods are made;and for analogous reasons Hull has become the chief port at which foreignwools are brought in. Thus in general and in detail, industrial heterogeneitiesof the social organism primary depend on local influences. Those divisionsof labour which, under another aspect, were interpreted as due to the settingup of motion in the directions of least resistance (§80), are here interpretedas due to differences in the incident forces; and the two interpretationsare quite consistent with each other. For that which in each determines thedirection of least resistance, is the distribution of the forces to be overcome;and hence unlikenesses of distribution in separate localities, entails unlikenessesin the lines of human actions in those localities -- entails industrial differentiations. §155. It has still to be shown that this general truth is demonstrablea priori -- that the instability of the homogeneous is a corollary from thepersistence of force. Already this has been tacitly implied, but here itwill be proper to expand the tacit implication into definite proof.

On striking a mass of matter with such force as either to indent it ormake it fly to pieces, we see both that the blow affects differently itsdifferent parts, and that the differences are consequent on the unlike relationsof its parts to the force impressed. The part struck is driven in towardsthe centre of the mass. It thus compresses, and tends to displace, the morecentrally situated portions. These, however, cannot be compressed or thrustout of their places without pressing on surrounding portions. And when theblow is violent enough to fracture the mass, we see, in the radial dispersionof the fragments, that the original momentum has been divided into numerousminor momenta, unlike in their directions. We see that the parts are differentlyaffected by the disruptive force, because they are differently related toit in their directions and attachments -- that the effects being the jointproducts of the force and the conditions cannot be alike in parts which aredifferently conditioned. A body on which radiant heat is falling, exemplifiesthis truth still more clearly. Take the simplest case -- that of a sphere.

While the part nearest to the radiating centre receives the rays at rightangles, the rays strike the other parts of the exposed side at all anglesfrom 90° down to 0°. The molecular vibrations propagated throughthe mass from the surface which receives the heat, proceed inwards at anglesdiffering for each point. Further, the interior parts reached by the vibrationsproceeding from all points of the heated side, must be dissimilarly affectedin proportion as their positions are dissimilar. So that whether they beon the recipient area, in the middle, or at the remote side, the constituentmolecules are thrown into states of vibration more or less unlike one another.

同类推荐
热门推荐
  • 让你越玩越聪明的400个思维游戏

    让你越玩越聪明的400个思维游戏

    思维能力在人的生活中有着举足轻重的作用。无论你是什么身份,从事何种职业,拥有良好的思维能力,都将使你离成功更近一步。本书精选哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、北京大学、清华大学等世界著名高校给学生做的400个思维游戏,集知识性、趣味性、独特性、实用性于一体。将充分运用到读者的观察力、思考力、分析力、判断力、计算力、推理力、想象力和创造力。让读者和全世界最聪明的学生一起思考,最大限度地开发潜能,并掌握全世界聪明学生都在用的思维方法。逐步形成有条理、有创新、有辨别能力的黄金思维体系,从而提高读者解决问题的能力,轻松面对生活中的各种挑战。
  • 乱世浮生之朗霰雪

    乱世浮生之朗霰雪

    高贵与下贱并不是爱情的鸿沟,好人与坏人也不能仅用一个标签来区分,而女人的智慧在男子当道的乱世当中更显可贵。她既可最为决绝,也可至情至性……
  • 网游之天启龙神

    网游之天启龙神

    一颗天外陨石,终止了世界大战,科学家研究这颗陨石,却意外发现生命波动,这些生命波动连起来竟然是一句话!在陨石里,他们发现超人工智能“天”,在陨石里,他们发现超越人类无数个纪元的科技。这究竟是人类即将科技发达的预兆,还是灭亡的象征?一切答案尽在游戏《天启》之中!这是一场游戏,一场神的游戏!
  • 偷个皇帝做老公

    偷个皇帝做老公

    不是吧,俺大名鼎鼎地江湖盗后奚留香,穿越成常年痴痴呆呆地傻妃?好吧,看在锦衣玉食的份儿上,俺改邪归正安心当米虫。但是,为什么她那个王爷老公,还是个废材加弱智?家里的花花草草都被人惦记走了,弄得王府穷困潦倒?盗亦有道,飞贼,这是个技术活儿,他们拿走一草,她要偷回一金。顺带偷香窃玉,古代的帅哥好天然,老公无用,偷人备用。怎么会,她偷的那个就是……见过腹黑吗?见过铁腕吗?为什么让她给偷到了?【情节虚构,请勿模仿】
  • 快穿之女配要强大

    快穿之女配要强大

    失去一切却得到更重要事物的殷墨,与看似不在意她的漠希和傲娇小公举竹离一起并肩作战,攻略初入社会的呆萌学生/乱入现代的古板男人/神出鬼没的高冷暗卫/人设崩了的闲散王爷/耽美世界的直男……1.故事不按顺序来滴,别以为会一个个乖乖排好队!2.隐墨懒,更新不勤,但别说弃坑哈!3.有票的看自己心意随便投,但素收藏一下不难吧!感谢啦!
  • 傲天剑诀

    傲天剑诀

    大道不公,谁又能在天路上一路高歌?布置万年棋局,夺造化,噬天命,入轮回。九九轮回归一后,一剑傲天自成道!
  • 冷血总裁的囚禁妻

    冷血总裁的囚禁妻

    母亲抛弃了她和父亲,为了生活她成为陪酒小姐,而却被他看上,继而被他从客人手里带走,把她禁锢在他的私人别墅,当她成功逃跑却又被他捉回来,直到后来才知道,她的父亲在她失踪第二天就自杀身亡,他却不让她知道,还好心的告诉她,会叫人照顾她父亲,一切她都被蒙在鼓里!他每天过着血腥的生活,黑帮的身份让他无时无刻都在与敌人掠杀,他忽视心里的感觉,只想留她在身边,他不顾她的反抗,哭泣,哀求,把她禁锢在他的别墅,当她逃跑回家,他再次找到了她,并瞒着她父亲已去世的消息……
  • 掌门无敌系统

    掌门无敌系统

    脚踏英雄杰,手掌天下权!且看吴天如何在无敌掌门系统的帮助下,成为最强掌门!
  • 福妻驾到

    福妻驾到

    现代饭店彪悍老板娘魂穿古代。不分是非的极品婆婆?三年未归生死不明的丈夫?心狠手辣的阴毒亲戚?贪婪而好色的地主老财?吃上顿没下顿的贫困宭境?不怕不怕,神仙相助,一技在手,天下我有!且看现代张悦娘,如何身带福气玩转古代,开面馆、收小弟、左纳财富,右傍美男,共绘幸福生活大好蓝图!!!!快本新书《天媒地聘》已经上架开始销售,只要3.99元即可将整本书抱回家,你还等什么哪,赶紧点击下面的直通车,享受乐乐精心为您准备的美食盛宴吧!)
  • 昊天眼

    昊天眼

    一眼山河破、两眼鬼神惊、三眼天网成!昊天眼!