登陆注册
14723100000160

第160章

They would all have to sell a portion of their product without buying anything in return. There is nothing mysterious about the fact that they all have a certain fund of money which they throw into circulation as a medium of circulation for their consumption, and a certain portion of which returns to each one of them from the circulation. But in that case this money-fund exists precisely as a fund for circulation, as a result of the conversion of the surplus-value into money, and does not by any means exist as latent money-capital.

If we view the matter as it takes place in reality, we find that the latent money-capital, which is accumulated for future use, consists:

1) Of deposits in banks; and it is a comparatively trifling sum which is really at the disposal of the bank. Money-capital is accumulated here only nominally. What is actually accumulated is outstanding claims which can be converted into money (if ever) only because a certain balance arises between the money withdrawn and the money deposited. It is only a relatively small sum that the bank holds in its hands in money.

2) Of government securities. These are not capital at all, but merely outstanding claims on the annual product of the nation.

3) Of stocks. Those which are not fakes are titles of ownership of some corporative real capital and drafts on the surplus-value accruing annually from it.

There is no accumulation of money in any of these cases. What appears on the one side as an accumulation of money-capital appears on the other as a continual actual expenditure of money. It is immaterial whether the money is spent by him who owns it, or by others, his debtors.

On the basis of capitalist production the formation of a hoard as such is never an end in itself but the result either of a stagnation of the circulation -- larger amounts of money than is generally the case assuming the form of a hoard -- or of accumulations necessitated by the turnover; or, finally, the hoard is merely the creation of money-capital existing temporarily in latent form and intended to function as productive capital.

If therefore on the one hand a portion of the surplus-value realised in money is withdrawn from circulation and accumulated as a hoard, another part of the surplus-value is at the same time continually converted into productive capital. With the exception of the distribution of additional precious metals among the members of the capitalist class, accumulations in the form of money never takes place simultaneously at all points.

What is true of the portion of the annual product which represents surplus-value in the form of commodities, is also true of the other portion of it. A certain sum of money is required for its circulation. This sum of money belongs to the capitalist class quite as much as the annually produced quantity of commodities which represents surplus-value. It is originally thrown into circulation by the capitalist class itself. It is constantly redistributed among its members by means of the circulation itself. Just as in the case of circulation of coin in general, a portion of this sum stagnates at ever varying points, while another portion continually circulates. Whether a part of this accumulation is intentional, for the purpose of forming money-capital, or not, does not alter things.

No notice has been taken here of those adventures of circulation in which one capitalist grasps a portion of the surplus-value, or even of the capital, of another, thereby bringing about one-sided accumulation and centralisation of money-capital as well as of productive capital. For instance a part of the snatched surplus-value accumulated by A as money-capital may be a part of the surplus-value of B which does not return to him.

NOTES

[33] Although the physiocrats still confuse these two phenomena, they were the first to emphasise the reflux of money to its starting-point as the essential form of circulation of capital, as that form of circulation which promotes reproduction. "Cast a glance at the Tableau Economique and you will see that the productive class provides the money with which the other classes buy products from it, and that they return this money to it when they come back next year to make the same purchases. . . . You see, then, no other circle here but that of expenditure followed by reproduction, and of reproduction followed by expenditure, a circle described by the circulation of money, which measures expenditure and reproduction." (Quesnay, Dialogues sur le Commerce et sur les Travaux des Artisans , Daire edition, Physiocrats, I, pp. 208, 209.) "It is this continual advance and return of capitals which should be called the circulation of money, this useful and fertile circulation which gives life to all the labours of society, which maintains the activity and life of the body politic, and which is quite rightly compared to the circulation of blood in the animal body." (Turgot, Reflexions, etc ., Oeuvres, Daire edition, I, p. 45.)

同类推荐
  • 易学滥觞

    易学滥觞

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 迦叶仙人说医女人经

    迦叶仙人说医女人经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 无上妙道文始真经

    无上妙道文始真经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 简·爱

    简·爱

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 珥笔肯綮

    珥笔肯綮

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 网王之南宫敏双

    网王之南宫敏双

    寂寞的前世让我想融入到你们的世界里...可我却并不知道什么时候会离开你们。当初的我独自一人徘徊在悲伤里3年,我失去了我喜欢的网球和陪在我身边的人。或许是连老天也开始怜惜我了吧!才把这么无助的自己送到你们这群曾经和我一样热爱网球的人的身边,让我从新爱上这个我生命中不可失去的“网球”不二,迹部,幸存,哥哥,谢谢,谢谢你们的鼓励,让我变回曾经的自己。。。。。。。。。。可是一个连自己什么时候会离开,会消失的人,我无法爱“你”
  • 不作死就不会死:美男太冷太难扑

    不作死就不会死:美男太冷太难扑

    洛可乐怎么也想不到,自己好好在家看美男图,嘟囔着想要穿越,就真的穿越了!!!自己穿越的太失败,从天上掉下来,又被人踢下山谷!!!姐可是很爱记仇的!!!在师父快要香玉满怀的时候,放点小作料~某师父曰:她就是个乱世魔女!!某师娘曰:乐儿这丫头最听话了~~姐可是很爱吃肉的!!!这个闷骚师父比自己还记仇,出去帮师娘采药,午饭就只有两个包子!!还是纯素的!!某日,某师父便被某师娘逐出房间……姐可是很爱美男的!!!哇塞赛,这人是谪仙么??不管了!!姐要追到手,然后扑倒!!一天,某男曰:把我扑倒就要对我负责。某女‘呵呵’一笑,抬腿就溜,曰:你长得是很帅,但是姐也没必要对了你放弃一大片森林啊~~
  • 青春狂魔

    青春狂魔

    这就是青春的影子,一生中最宝贵却又最不完美,我的青春就要狂!
  • 决战尸城

    决战尸城

    一次偶然的生化原料泄露,竟演变成毁灭全人类的生化危机!一夜之间,昔日善良的人们一个个变身恐怖的食人生物,丧尸出笼,战火四起,世界各国的矛盾转变成仅存的人类与丧尸大军的对决!这个可怕的噩梦也影响了他,高天一,这个平凡得不能再平凡,普通得不能再普通的上班族的正常生活,危机来临,他又该何去何从?
  • 我的狐妖夫君之千年契约

    我的狐妖夫君之千年契约

    一个世家小姐突然穿越到了陌生的古代,这里充满了妖怪,她该如何面对?发现自己只是另一个人替身的时候,她该怎么解决与心爱的人之间的感情纠葛?当他面对往事与爱情的抉择,他该怎么做?当他不知是对是错时,他又该如何去决定?而他,不似他的冷酷,暴躁,只是温柔待她。他为她,只愿百里桃花开,也不愿她有一丝不情愿。等到他发现一切的时候,等到他发现自己已经爱上她的时候,而她却又在徘徊,不知道自己的心到底偏向了谁。最终她有了所有的记忆,是会选择千年前她爱的,现在爱她的,还是现在爱她的,千年前爱另一人的他?
  • 天庭最牛系统

    天庭最牛系统

    【屌男随便揍,美女随便炮,仙丹仙器随便爆…装逼踩脸包你爽】新书《杀神狂暴升级》已经发布了!【简介】不服就干!暴爽到底……
  • 南岸笔录:EXO血族寻爱记

    南岸笔录:EXO血族寻爱记

    我叫朴清纪,我的世界有点神奇(小说与实际不同)
  • 凤为后
  • 傲娇王妃:爷您轻点宠

    傲娇王妃:爷您轻点宠

    她,是二十一世纪的天才大学生,一朝穿越成了一国公主,备受宠爱。他,是古代被人尊崇的昭王,年方二十,却被大哥皇上逼婚,娶了她。当两个素不相识却被迫结婚的男女碰上,一段“神奇”的生活便开始了……
  • 曼陀罗没有眼泪

    曼陀罗没有眼泪

    但凡有着悲惨童年的孩子,长大后,他们看待世界,看待问题都有着独特的视角。他们看到的所有东西,都会被那个独特的视角过滤后才会呈现出来。小说的主人公聂圆圆就有着独特的视角,历经各种伤痛后,终于成长成熟。聂圆圆同曼陀罗花的预言一样,总是生活在不可预知的死亡与爱中,使得她那颗被伤害的坚韧疮痍的心灵愈加热烈、绝望、孤独而坚定。伴随着伤痛,她终于不再流眼泪······