登陆注册
14723100000158

第158章

Together with this additional quantity of commodities, a part of the additional money needed for its realisation is thrown into circulation, inasmuch as the value of this mass of commodities is equal to that of the productive capital consumed in their production. This additional amount of money has been advanced precisely as additional money-capital, and therefore returns to the capitalist through the turnover of his capital. Here the same question as above re-appears. Where does the additional money come from with which to realise the additional surplus-value now contained in the form of commodities?

The general reply is again the same. The sum total of the prices of the circulating commodities has been increased, not because the prices of a given quantity of commodities have risen, but because the mass of commodities now circulating is greater than that of the previously circulating commodities, without it being offset by a fall in prices. The additional money required for the circulation of this greater quantity of commodities of greater value must be secured either by greater economy in the use of the circulating quantity of money -- whether by balancing the payments, etc., by measures which accelerate the circulation of the same coins --or by the transformation of money from the form of a hoard into that of a circulating medium. The latter does not only imply that idle money-capital begins to function as a means of purchase or payment, or that money-capital already functioning as a reserve fund while performing this function for its owner, actively circulates for society (as is the case with bank deposits which are continually lent), thus performing a double function. It also implies that the stagnating reserve funds of coins are economised.

"In order that money should flow continuously as coin, coin must constantly coagulate as money. The continual currency of coin depends on its continual stagnation, in greater or smaller quantities, in reserve funds of coin which spring up throughout the sphere of circulation and also necessitate it; the formation, distribution, dissolution, and re-formation of these reserve funds are constantly alternating, their existence constantly disappears, their disappearance constantly exists. Adam Smith ex-pressed this never-ceasing transformation of coin into money and of money into coin by saying that every owner of commodities must always keep in supply, aside from the particular commodity which he sells, a certain quantity of the universal commodity with which he buys. We saw that in the circulation C---M---C the second member M---C splits up constantly into a series of purchases which do not take place at once but at successive intervals of time, so that one part of M is current as coin while the other rests as money. As a matter of fact money is in that case only suspended coin and the separate parts of the current mass of coins continuously appear now in the one form, and now in the other, alternating constantly. This first transformation of the medium of circulation into money represents, therefore, but a technical aspect of money-circulation itself." (Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie , 1859, SS. 105, 106.) ("Coin" as distinguished from money is here employed to indicate money in its function of a mere medium of circulation in contrast with its other functions.)When all these measures do not suffice, additional gold must be produced, or, what amounts to the same, a part of the additional product exchanged, directly or indirectly, for gold -- the product of countries in which precious metals are mined.

The entire amount of labour-power and social means of production expended in the annual production of gold and silver intended as instruments of circulation constitutes a bulky item of the faux frais of the capitalist mode of production, of the production of commodities in general.

It is an equivalent abstraction from social utilisation of as many additional means of production and consumption as possible, i.e., of real wealth.

To the extent that the costs of this expensive machinery of circulation are decreased, the given scale of production or the given degree of its extension remaining constant, the productive power of social labour is eo ipso increased. Hence, so far as the expediencies developing with the credit system have this effect, they increase capitalist wealth directly, either by performing a large portion of the social production and labour-power without any intervention of real money, or by raising the functional capacity of the quantity of money really functioning.

This disposes also of the absurd question whether capitalist production in its present volume would be possible without the credit system (even if regarded only from this point of view), that is, with the circulation of metallic coin alone. Evidently this is not the case. It would rather have encountered barriers in the volume of production of precious metals.

On the other hand one must not entertain any fantastic illusions on the productive power of the credit system, so far as it supplies or sets in motion money-capital. A further analysis of this question is out of place here.

We have now to investigate the case in which there takes place no real accumulation, i.e., no direct expansion of the scale of production, but where a part of the realised surplus-value is accumulated for a longer or shorter time as a money-reserve fund, in order to be transformed later into productive capital.

Inasmuch as the money so accumulating is additional money, the matter needs no explanation. It can only be a portion of the surplus-gold brought from gold-producing countries. In this connection it must be noted that the home product, in exchange for which this gold is imported, is no longer in the country in question. It has been exported to foreign countries in exchange for gold.

同类推荐
  • 佛说四天王经

    佛说四天王经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 般舟三昧经

    般舟三昧经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • Miss Civilization

    Miss Civilization

    "Miss Civilization" is founded on a story by the late James Harvey Smith. All professional rights in this play belong to Richard Harding Davis.
  • 法门名义集

    法门名义集

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 佐杂谱

    佐杂谱

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 机品星河

    机品星河

    “四十四年前,神师20岁,人家拯救了地球,开启了银河移民探索时代。”“二十二年前,机圣20岁,人家拯救了人类统合联盟,人类不再只有地球一颗母星。”“现在,你们20岁,上课时都这样心不在焉,不尊重历史,要如何面对未来!””老师,等我听首歌就去拯救世界。“机品星河机师交流群:261468928
  • 独尊仙途

    独尊仙途

    仙可灭,魔可屠,万界苍生由我主!群雄万千,诸天万界,强者辈出。神秘紫晶洗经阀髓,少年林尘逆天改命,踏白骨之路,只为那情战魔仙!
  • 圣观自在菩萨一百八名经

    圣观自在菩萨一百八名经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 宫之舞

    宫之舞

    在一个没有史官记录的朝代,一个男人,走进了她的生命。那是个令她魂牵梦绕的男人。“柔儿,我爱你。”一声爱,暖了她的心。
  • 井王战纪

    井王战纪

    帝王鼎政,大智若妖,察觉灾难即将降临,为寻出路,忧思过虑,竟一夜白发。他发起鼎国变革,把整个人族推进大交流时代。新的纪元开始,恐怖阴影步步逼近,人类能否再次经受住考验?一少年自战域深处走来,开始书写新的传奇!井王北宠驾到,这是我们的时代!
  • 戮战合川

    戮战合川

    重庆崽儿阿骄和岳父徐介,妻子徐凤等人为保卫合川与元军作战,虽然失败,虽败犹荣!
  • 万古狐尊

    万古狐尊

    狐少一日闯天下,偶遇俊男,醉情心,一生一世陪相伴。
  • 筑仙成神

    筑仙成神

    林洛穿越到异界之后,发现自己拥有了一个叫做筑界的系统。
  • 杀手霸宠:神女归来

    杀手霸宠:神女归来

    “你即将上任万经国第一百三十年次的实习土地公。”“我不要,请唤我土地娘娘。”现代的大学生穿越成为了土地娘娘。“不要轻易附身在人类身上,不要随意现真身出去玩,……”土地神嘱咐的一堆东西,她都没有一条是遵守的。“不要碰我。”某男厌恶的抗拒着。“我可没有碰你。”她用嗅的。“撕。”二话不说,她就把男子的裤腿给撕了,白洁的大腿展露无遗。“我不需要你救。”“你不需要是你的事情,医者父母心,我不能看着你在我地盘上死掉!”一次一次的救下他,一次一次的碰触下,这算是日久生情吗?神和人不能在一起?在她的世界里,没有什么是不可能的,只有不想做的。她要和他在一起,无乱如何。
  • 一婚难求:总裁大人的小萌妻

    一婚难求:总裁大人的小萌妻

    “对不起,我不是故意进你房间的!”何小必说完就要逃。“既然来了就别走了,过来到床上来。”徐靖泽拉着她的小手往床上拽。“宝贝我要来了,我会轻点的。”第二天起来小必必才知道男人在床上都是没脑子的动物说轻点,就是几天不要下床。