登陆注册
14723100000134

第134章

THE TURNOVER OF CAPITAL

THE TURNOVER OF VARIABLE CAPITAL I. THE ANNUAL RATE OF SURPLUS-VALUELet us assume a circulating capital of £2,500 four-fifths of which, or £2,000, are constant capital (materials of production) and one-fifth, or £500, is variable capital invested in wages.

Let the period of turnover be 5 weeks: the working period 4 weeks, the period of circulation 1 week. Then capital I is £2,000, consisting of £1,600 of constant capital and £400 of variable capital;capital II is £500, £400 of which are constant and £100variable. In every working week a capital of £500 is invested. In a year of 50 weeks an annual product of 50 times 500, or £2,500, is manufactured. Capital I of £2,000, constantly employed in the working period, is therefore turned over 12 1/2 times. 12 1/2 times 2,000makes £25,000. Of these £25,000 four-fifths, or £20,000, are constant capital laid out in means of production, and one-fifth, or £5,000 is variable capital laid out in wages. The total capital of £25,000 is thus turned over 25,000/2,500, or 10 times.

The variable circulating capital expended in production can serve afresh in the process of circulation only to the extent that the product in which its value is reproduced has been sold, converted from a commodity-capital into a money-capital, in order to be once more laid out in payment of labour-power.

But the same is true of the constant circulating capital (materials of production) invested in production, the value of which reappears in the product as a portion of its value. What these two portions -- the variable and the constant part of the circulating capital -- have in common and what distinguishes them from the fixed capital is not that the value transferred from them to the product is circulated by the commodity-capital, i.e., through the circulation of the product as a commodity. One portion of the value of the product, and thus of the product circulating as a commodity, of the commodity-capital, always consists of the wear and tear of the fixed capital, that is to say, of that portion of the value of the fixed capital which is transferred to the product during the process of production. The difference is really this: The fixed capital continues to function in the process of production in its old use-form for a longer or shorter cycle of turnover periods of the circulating capital (equal to constant circulating plus variable circulating capital), while every single turnover is conditioned on the replacement of the entire circulating capital passing from the sphere of production -- in the form of commodity-capital -- into the sphere of circulation. the constant circulating and variable circulating capital have the first phase of circulation, C'---M, in common. In the second phase they separate. The money into which the commodity is reconverted is in part transformed into a productive supply (constant circulating capital).

Depending on the different terms of purchase of its constituent parts, one portion of the money may sooner, another later, be converted from money into materials of production, but finally it is wholly consumed that way.

Another portion of the money realised by the sale of the commodity is held in the form of a money-supply, in order to be gradually expended in the payment of the labour-power incorporated in the process of production.

This part constitutes the variable circulating capital. Nevertheless the entire replacement of either portion always originates from the turnover of capital, from its conversion into a product, from a product into a commodity, from a commodity into money. This is the reason why, in the preceding chapter, the turnover of the circulating capital, constant and variable, was treated jointly and separately without paying any regard to the fixed capital.

In the question which we shall now take up, we must go a step farther and proceed with the variable portion of the circulating capital as though it along constituted the circulating capital. In other words, we leave out of consideration the constant circulating capital which is turned over together with it.

A sum of £2,500 has been advanced and the value of the annual product is £25,000. But the variable portion of the circulating capital is £500; therefore the variable capital contained in £25,000amounts to 25,000 divided by 5, or £5,000. If we divide these £5,000by £500, we find the number of turnovers is 10, just as it is in the case of the total capital of £2,500.

Here, where it is only a question of the production of surplus-value, it is absolutely correct to make this average calculation, according to which the value of the annual product is divided by the value of the advanced capital and not by the value of that portion of this capital which is employed constantly in one working period (thus, in the present cast not by 400but by 500, not by capital I but by capital I plus capital II). We shall see later that, from another point of view, the calculation is not quite exact, just as this average calculation generally is not quite exact. That is to say, it serves well enough for the practical purposes of the capitalist, but it does not express exactly or properly all the real circumstances of the turnover.

We have hitherto ignored one part of the value of the commodity-capital, namely the surplus-value contained in it, which was produced during the process of production and incorporated in the product. To this we have now to direct our attention.

Suppose the variable capital of £100 invested weekly produces a surplus-value of 100%, or £100, then the variable capital of £500invested over a 5-week turnover period produces £500 of surplus-value, i.e., one half of the working day consists of surplus-labour.

同类推荐
  • 大乘妙林经

    大乘妙林经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 佛说药师如来本愿经

    佛说药师如来本愿经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 新安志

    新安志

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 印心佛敏讷禅师语录

    印心佛敏讷禅师语录

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 冲虚经

    冲虚经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 罔昼

    罔昼

    陆遥,普通的学生一枚,不知怎么的,穿越到了一个奇怪的地方。史莱姆、僵尸、蚁狮、克苏鲁之眼……熟悉游戏《泰拉瑞亚》中的怪物接踵而至,他该怎么在这被黑暗笼罩着的世界中挣扎求生呢?欲知后事,请阅《罔昼》。
  • 本王爱妃是公主

    本王爱妃是公主

    蓝若冰,世界著名的蓝氏集团二小姐,杀手风云榜排行第一的杀手,死于亲姐姐的枪下。体穿到了璃王府,被璃王娶为王妃。却在璃王被皇后陷害以后,他一纸休书,将她赶出王府,她心痛,殊不知,他的心,比她还痛。五年后,在璃王参加云染国太后的寿宴时发现,她竟是一年半前风靡全大陆的战神女王——纳兰映雪,也是云染国的宣怡公主,皇帝最敬重的大皇姐。战神王爷配战神女王,绝配!但是她在地位爱情两双全的同时,却发现她那令人意想不到的身份,她有着她自己的使命。使命和爱情,她,会怎样抉择?
  • 爱情是个弯弯绕

    爱情是个弯弯绕

    童小米和交往了五年的男朋友顾天一因为一点口角之争分了手,冷静下来的童小米决定低头认错,却发现顾天一早已有了新欢。痛定思痛,她决定离开顾天一,却发现自己在此时怀了孕,为了彻底跟顾天一分开,童小米决定把孩子打掉。正当她准备开始新的生活的时候,却发现顾天一始终出现在自己的生活中,一个偶然的事件让她发现一个惊天的秘密,为了重新开始新的生活,童小米换了工作,又遇到了新的爱人,可顾天一却时常出现在她的脑海里,几经波折,她终于明白了自己的心。
  • 趣味文化常识竞赛题库

    趣味文化常识竞赛题库

    精心编就1000多道形式新颖、内容精彩的知识竞赛题,内容涵盖人们应该懂得而又易于掌握的各门各类知识。既突出知识性,又把知识性同思想性、艺术性和趣味性和谐地融为一体,增强可读性,让读者游弋在逸闻趣事点缀的知识星空里,自由翱翔,体味知识带来的无限乐趣。
  • 暗之末途

    暗之末途

    一个没有穿越的全新大陆,一个光明与黑暗对立冲撞的大陆。各种组织势力犬牙交错,相互对抗。当光明占据绝对优势后,黑暗只能偏安一隅。在光明笼罩下的一个小山村中,一个天资聪颖的光明体质者,机缘巧合之下却拥有了大陆上最为黑暗的黑暗之珠。从此光明与黑暗在他身上并存。光明教廷容不下他,黑暗联盟也容不下他,他最深爱的女子也被迫离开了他,他究竟该何去何从?是就此沉沦,还是大干一场,推翻整块大陆的秩序?都不是,他走的是第三条路,一条通往黑暗的路…当黑暗之路走到尽头,到底结果如何?一切答案,尽在暗之末途!
  • 龙缠身之风水师

    龙缠身之风水师

    龙缠身,鬼惊魂!晓得天机,断人魂!天生异象,双龙绕体。我的未来究竟会是什么样的?谁能告诉我?一个风水师的亲身经历!
  • 男神日记

    男神日记

    一款萌萌哒的辅助系统。外貌可以修改?我要我的颜值突破天际!身体可以强化?万能的系统啊!赐予我八块小腹肌吧,在这个男色横行的时代,越肉……越吃香~智商可以加点?顶级大学不是梦想!我觉得我可以挑战一下诺贝尔奖~这大概已经很bug了吧?然而神一样的系统还具备着某些隐藏功能……且看陈彦华丽转身,成就男神之名!演绎骚气的精彩人生!(ps:幼苗需要诸位大大们呵护,拜求收藏、推荐~)
  • 重生lol在我家

    重生lol在我家

    什么?lol在我家?但是……刀妹好像……不喜欢我?“我会变强给你看的!艾瑞莉娅!”安六六说到
  • 幻空之语

    幻空之语

    一个女孩的命运,在那一刻.......改变........
  • EXO:杀手艺人

    EXO:杀手艺人

    她是杀手,代号Devil!她像天使,却本是恶魔!他并不强大,甚至渺小!她是头牌,却早已颓废,她被人宠溺,却厌恶他人,她乔装改扮,混入组合,她喜欢他,却不敢说,她来的轻松,却带着遗憾离开,她很脆弱,他叫朴羽枫。