The data lines provide a path for moving data between system modules. These lines, collectively, are called the data bus. The data bus typically consists of 8, 16, 32,or 64 separate lines, and the number of lines being referred to as the width of the data bus. Since each line can carry only 1 bit at a time, the number of lines determines how many bits can be transferred at a time. The width of the data bus is a key factor in determining overall system performance. For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the CPU must access the memory module twice during each instruction cycle.
The address lines are used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus. For example, if the CPU wishes to read a word (8, 16, or 32 bits) of data from memory, it puts the address of the desired word on the address lines. Clearly, the width of the address bus determines the maximum possible memory capacity of the system. Furthermore, the address lines are generally also used to address I/O ports. Typically, the higher-order bits are used to select a memory location or I/O port within the module. For example, on an 8-bit bus, address 01111111 and below might reference location in a memory module (module 0) with 128 words of memory, and address 10000000 and above refer to devices attached to an I/O module (module 1).
The control lines are used to control the access to and the use of the data and address lines. Since the data and address lines are shared by all components, there must be a mean to control their use. Control signals transmit both command and timing information between system modules. Timing signals indicate the validity of data and address information. Command signals specify operations to be performed.
2. Bus Types
Bus lines can be separated into two generic types: dedicated and multiplexed. A dedicated bus line is permanently assigned either to one function or to a physical subset of computer components.
An example of functional dedication is the use of separate dedicated address and data lines, which is common to many buses. However, it is not essential. For example, address and data information may be transmitted over the same set of lines using an Address Valid control line. At the beginning of a data transfer, the address is placed on the bus and the Address Valid line is activated. At this point, each module has a specified period of time to copy the address and determine if it is the addressed module. The address is then removed from the bus, and the same bus connections are used for the subsequent read or write data transfer. This method of using the same lines for multiple purpose is known as time multiplexing.
The advantage of time multiplexing is the use of fewer lines, which saves space and, usually, cost. The disadvantage of time multiplexing is that more complex circuitry is needed within each module. Also, there is a potential reduction in performance since certain events that share the same lines cannot take place in parallel.
Physical dedication refers to the use of multiple buses, each of which connects only a subset of modules. A typical example is the use of an I/O bus to interconnect all I/O modules; this bus is then connected to the main bus through some type of I/O adapter module. The potential advantage of physical dedication is high throughput, because there is less bus contention. A disadvantage is the increased size and cost of the system.
【Vocabulary】
reception
n. 接待,接收
garble
vt. 混淆,断章取义
transmit
vt. 传输,传送,发射
pathway
n. 路径
represent
vt. 表现,象征,回忆
binary
adj. 二进位的,二元的
hierarchy
n. 层次,层级
collectively
adv. 全体的,共同的
designate
vt. 指明,指出,任命,指派
destination
n. 目的地,目标文件
reference
n. 提及,涉及,证明书,介绍信
validity
n. 有效性,合法性,正确性
dedicate
adj. 献身,致力于
multiplex
adj. 多元的
subsequent
adj. 后来的,并发的
permanent
adj. 永久的,持久的
contention
n. 争论,争辩,论点
【参考译文】
系统总线
总线是一种用来连接两个或多个设备的通信线路,它的关键特性是具有共享的传输介质。多种设备连接到总线上,连接在总线上的设备可以接收任何一个设备传送的信号。如果两个设备在同一时刻传送,那么信号将会重叠和混淆。因此,在同一时刻只能有一台设备成功传送。
在多种情况下,一条总线中有多条通信线路,每条线路都能传送代表二进制数1和0的信号。随着时间的持续,通过一条单独的线路可以传送一个二进制数序列。对于所有的线路,一条总线可以在多条线路上同时传送二进制数(并行模式)。例如,一个8位的数据可以通过8条总线线路传送。
计算机系统中包含许多条不同的总线为计算机系统结构中不同层次的部件提供通信线路。连接主要计算机部件(中央处理器、内存、输入/输出设备)的总线叫做系统总线,最常见的计算机相互连接结构是以使用一条或多条系统总线为基础的。
1.总线结构
典型的系统总线包含50~100条独立的线路,每条线路都具有指定的含义和功能。总线设计尽管有许多的不同之处,但是总线中的线路可以分为三类:数据总线、地址总线和控制总线。此外,也许还有为连接的模块供电的电源分配线路。
数据线路是系统模块之间传送数据的线路,这些线路统称为数据总线。典型的数据总线包含8、16、32、64条独立的线路,线路的数量也就是数据总线的宽度。因为每条线路每次只能传送1位,线路的数量决定了一次所能传送的位数。数据总线的宽度是影响整个系统性能的关键因素。例如,数据总线的宽度是8位,每条指令16位长,那么在每一指令周期中,CPU必须两次访问内存模块。
地址总线用来指定数据总线中的源头或目标数据。例如,如果 CPU 想从内存中读一个字长(8位、16位或32位)的数据,则要把期望数据的地址放到地址总线上。很明显,地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大的访问内存的能力。此外,地址总线也常用于地址输入输出端口。在通常情况下,高位用于在模块中选择内存的位置和输入输出端口。例如,在一个8位总线中,地址01111111及以下的地址部分指的是内存模块(模块 0)中的 128 个字的内存位置,地址10000000及以上的地址部分指的是连接在输入输出模块(模块1)上的设备。
控制总线用于控制访问和使用数据及地址总线,数据和地址总线是被所有部件共享的,所以必须通过一种方法控制它们的使用。控制信号和系统模块之间同时传送命令和定时信息。定时信号标志着数据和地址信息的有效性,由命令信号指定被执行的操作。
2.总线类型
总线可以分为两类:专用总线和复用总线。专用总线是指定位一种固定的功能或计算机的附属设备。
许多总线中普遍使用的相互独立的专用地址和数据线是专用功能总线的一个例子。但是这并不是问题的本质。例如,使用地址有效控制线,地址和数据信息就可以在同一套总线中传送。在开始传送数据时,把地址送入总线中,地址有效控制被激活。这时,每一模块都有一段特定的时间周期复制地址,并判断是否是该模块的地址,然后从总线中清除,随后的数据读或写操作使用同样的总线连接。这种将同一总线用于多种用途的方法叫做时分多路复用技术。
时分多路复用技术的优点是可以使用较少的总线,通常能节省空间和费用,它的缺点是在每一个模块中要设计更为复杂的电路。所以它可能会降低系统的性能,因为特定的时间需要共享同一套总线而不能并行处理。
设备专用总线指的是每一总线只连接一类模块的多个总线。典型的例子是用一条输入输出总线来使所有的输入输出模块相互连接,这些总线通过某种类型的输入输出模块适配器与主总线连接在一起。因为对总线的争夺利用少,所以设备专用总线具有数据流量大的优点和增加了系统的体积与费用的缺点。
【Reading Material】
Magnetic Disks
A magnetic disk looks like a small photograph record. Magnetic disks typically store 10 to 1,200 million character of information. So it provides a large amount of storage and rapid retrieval of any stored information. All disks are made of a substance coated with metal oxide, and can therefore be magnetized.