Now we ought by all means to consider that there can never be such a happy concurrence of circumstances as we have described;neither can all things coincide as they are wanted.Men who will not take offence at such a mode of living together,and will endure all their life long to have their property fixed at a moderate limit,and to beget children in accordance with our ordinances,and will allow themselves to be deprived of gold and other things which the legislator,as is evident from these enactments,will certainly forbid them;and will endure,further,the situation of the land with the city in the middle and dwellings round about;-all this is as if the legislator were telling his dreams,or making a city and citizens of wax.There is truth in these objections,and therefore every one should take to heart what I am going to say.Once more,then,the legislator shall appear and address us:-"O my friends,"he will say to us,"do not suppose me ignorant that there is a certain degree of truth in your words;but I am of opinion that,in matters which are not present but future,he who exhibits a pattern of that at which he aims,should in nothing fall short of the fairest and truest;and that if he finds any part of this work impossible of execution he should avoid and not execute it,but he should contrive to carry out that which is nearest and most akin to it;you must allow the legislator to perfect his design,and when it is perfected,you should join with him in considering what part of his legislation is expedient and what will arouse opposition;for surely the artist who is to be deemed worthy of any regard at all,ought always to make his work self-consistent."Having determined that there is to be a distribution into twelve parts,let us now see in what way this may be accomplished.There is no difficulty in perceiving that the twelve parts admit of the greatest number of divisions of that which they include,or in seeing the other numbers which are consequent upon them,and are produced out of them up to 5040;wherefore the law ought to order phratries and demes and villages,and also military ranks and movements,as well as coins and measures,dry and liquid,and weights,so as to be commensurable and agreeable to one another.Nor should we fear the appearance of minuteness,if the law commands that all the vessels which a man possesses should have a common measure,when we consider generally that the divisions and variations of numbers have a use in respect of all the variations of which they are susceptible,both in themselves and as measures of height and depth,and in all sounds,and in motions,as well those which proceed in a straight direction,upwards or downwards,as in those which go round and round.
The legislator is to consider all these things and to bid the citizens,as far as possible,not to lose sight of numerical order;for no single instrument of youthful education has such mighty power,both as regards domestic economy and politics,and in the arts,as the study of arithmetic.Above all,arithmetic stirs up him who is by nature sleepy and dull,and makes him quick to learn,retentive,shrewd,and aided by art divine he makes progress quite beyond his natural powers.All such things,if only the legislator,by other laws and institutions,can banish meanness and covetousness from the souls of men,so that they can use them properly and to their own good,will be excellent and suitable instruments of education.But if he cannot,he will unintentionally create in them,instead of wisdom,the habit of craft,which evil tendency may be observed in the Egyptians and Phoenicians,and many other races,through the general vulgarity of their pursuits and acquisitions,whether some unworthy legislator theirs has been the cause,or some impediment of chance or nature.For we must not fail to observe,O Megillus and Cleinias,that there is a difference in places,and that some beget better men and others worse;and we must legislate accordingly.Some places are subject to strange and fatal influences by reason of diverse winds and violent heats,some by reason of waters;or,again,from the character of the food given by the earth,which not only affects the bodies of men for good or evil,but produces similar results in their souls.And in all such qualities those spots excel in which there is a divine inspiration,and in which the demi-gods have their appointed lots,and are propitious,not adverse,to the settlers in them.To all these matters the legislator,if he have any sense in him,will attend as far as man can,and frame his laws accordingly.And this is what you,Cleinias,must do,and to matters of this kind you must turn your mind since you are going to colonize a new country.
Cleinias.Your words,Athenian Stranger,are excellent,and I will do as you say.
