登陆注册
14812400000248

第248章

RELIGION IN IRELAND DURING THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY/Annals of the Four Masters/. /State Papers/, 11 vols., 1832-5.

/Papal Letters/, 9 vols. /De Annatis Hiberniae/, vol. i., Ulster, 1912; vol. ii., Leinster (app. ii. /Archivium Hibernicum/, vol.

ii.). Brady, /The Episcopal Succession in England, Scotland and Ireland (1400-1873)/, 3 vols., 1876. Theiner, /Vetera Monumenta Scotorum (1216-1547)/, 1864. Ware's /Works/, 2 vols., 1729.

Wilkins, /Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae/, iii. vol., 1737. /Reports of the Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Ireland/.

/Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts/. De Burgo, /Hibernia Dominicana/, 1762. Gilbert, /The Viceroys of Ireland/, 1865. Id., /Facsimiles of National Manuscripts of Ireland/, 4 vols., 1875. Lawlor, /A Calendar of the Register of Archbishop Sweetman/, 1911. Bellesheim, /Geschichte der Katholischen Kirche in Ireland/, 3 Bde, 1890. Malone, /Church History of Ireland from the Anglo-Norman Invasion to the Reformation/, 2 vols., 3rd edition, 1880. Brenan, /An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland/, 1864. Gogarty, /The Dawn of the Reformation in Ireland (I. T. Q.)/, 1913, 1914. Green, /The Making of Ireland and its Undoing (1200-1600)/, 1908. Bagwell, /Ireland under the Tudors/, 1885. Wilson, /The Beginnings of Modern Ireland/, 1912.

From the beginning of the fourteenth century English power in Ireland was on the decline. The Irish princes, driven to desperation by the exactions and cruelties of the officials, adopted generally a more hostile attitude, while the great Norman nobles, who had obtained grants of land in various parts of Ireland, began to intermarry with the Irish, adopted their language, their laws, their dress, and their customs, and for all practical purposes renounced their allegiance to the sovereign of England.

Owing to the civil war that raged in England during the latter portion of the fifteenth century the English colonists were left entirely without support, and being divided among themselves, the Geraldines favouring the House of York, and the Ormonds, the House of Lancaster, they were almost powerless to resist the encroachments of the native princes. Nor did the accession of Henry VII. lead to a combined effort for the restoration of English authority. The welcome given by so many of the Anglo-Irish, both laymen and clerics, to the two pretenders, Simnel and Warbeck, and the efforts the king was obliged to make to defend his throne against these claimants, made it impossible for him to undertake the conquest of the country. As a result, the sphere of English influence in Ireland, or the Pale, as it was called, became gradually more restricted. The frantic efforts made by the Parliament held at Drogheda (1494, Poynings' Parliament) to protect the English territory from invasion by the erection "of a double ditch six feet high" is the best evidence that the conquest of the country still awaited completion.[1] In the early years of the reign of Henry VIII.

the Pale embraced only portions of the present counties of Dublin, Louth, Meath and Kildare, or to be more accurate, it was bounded by a line drawn from Dundalk through Ardee, Kells, Kilcock, Clane, Naas, Kilcullen, Ballymore-Eustace, Rathcoole, Tallaght, and Dalkey. Within this limited area the inhabitants were not safe from invasion and spoliation unless they agreed to purchase their security by the payment of an annual tribute to the neighbouring Irish princes; and outside it, even in the cities held by Norman settlers and in the territories owned by Norman barons, the king's writ did not run.[2]

Recourse was had to legislative measures to preserve the English colonists from being merged completely into the native population.

According to the Statutes of Kilkenny (1367) the colonists were forbidden to intermarry with the Irish, to adopt their language, dress, or customs, or to hold any business relations with them, and what was worse, the line of division was to be recognised even within the sanctuary. No Irishman was to be admitted into cathedral or collegiate chapters or into any benefice situated in English territory, and religious houses were warned against admitting any Irish novices, although they were quite free to accept English subjects born in Ireland[3] (1367). This statute did not represent a change of policy in regard to Irish ecclesiastics. From the very beginning of the Norman attempt at colonisation the relations between the two bodies of ecclesiastics had been very strained. Thus, in the year 1217 Henry III. wrote to his Justiciary in Ireland calling his attention to the fact that the election of Irishmen to episcopal Sees had caused already considerable trouble, and that consequently, care should be taken in future that none but Englishmen should be elected or promoted to cathedral chapters. The Irish clerics objected strongly to such a policy of exclusion, and carried their remonstrances to Honorius III. who declared on two occasions (1220, 1224) that this iniquitous decree was null and void.[4] As the papal condemnations did not produce the desired effect, the archbishops, bishops, and chapters seem to have taken steps to protect themselves against aggression by ordaining that no Englishman should be admitted into the cathedral chapters, but Innocent IV., following the example of Honorius III., condemned this measure.[5]

Notwithstanding its solemn condemnation by the Holy See this policy of exclusion was carried out by both parties, and the line of division became more marked according as the English power began to decline.

同类推荐
  • 道德真经全解

    道德真经全解

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 金箓设醮仪

    金箓设醮仪

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 洞真太上金篇虎符真文经

    洞真太上金篇虎符真文经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 炮炙全书

    炮炙全书

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
  • 缘起圣道经

    缘起圣道经

    本书为公版书,为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品,供广大读者阅读交流。
热门推荐
  • 兰陵幻梦

    兰陵幻梦

    陷入身世迷云,他该如何自处?经历百态炎凉。她该如何选择?
  • 嫦娥传

    嫦娥传

    我听到了天与地的哭泣,仿佛九天之上有神罚落下,他足以磨灭我的血肉,但无法阻挡那不甘于倔强的意志。给我一个理由,翻天覆地,执掌九幽,我要做那万古第一,不需要记住我的名字,我只要你们都知道我诉说的那个名字————姮娥。
  • 手相面相测人生

    手相面相测人生

    《古代文化集粹》丛书,本丛书应用方便,通俗易懂,意在为你的命运指点迷津,让你轻松驾驭自己的人生。
  • EXO伴郎

    EXO伴郎

    此文是王道,主:吴亦凡,吴世勋。。。。文笔不好勿喷。。。
  • 天火神王

    天火神王

    在一处隐蔽的山洞中,一缕神秘的火正在跳动着。忽然,从火中出现了一个婴儿,婴儿出现时,电闪雷鸣,风雨大作。火种兴奋地跳动着,失去了踪影。
  • 末日之白日焰火

    末日之白日焰火

    我穿越到与原来那个世界相同的异世,发现在这片该死的土地上只有遍地丧尸外和被摧毁的意志,我和一些善良的人要生存,就必须反抗,过程洒满了无数人的献血,但这些怎么也抵挡不住我们对在阳光下生活的渴望。以死明志,一定要把这该死的末日埋葬。
  • 帝王黄泉路

    帝王黄泉路

    那年樱花树林,他们相遇相知相爱,如今阴阳相隔,下辈子你不来我不走,我们再相爱,只是,下一世,换我来守护我来受伤。
  • 若tf是海我愿永远沉溺

    若tf是海我愿永远沉溺

    这篇小说讲了三位千金和当红偶像tfboys的一次相遇之后便互相喜欢上了对方,可是当三位千金知道三小只不喜欢富家女,然后三位千金撒谎说自己是孤儿,这个谎能撒的了一时撒不了一世,之后三小只发现了这个秘密,他们的爱还能继续下去吗?
  • 公主们的冷血之爱恋

    公主们的冷血之爱恋

    她冰冷,她火爆,她可爱。她们是天之骄女,可是光芒万丈之下会有多少无奈。当她们遇见了自己的真命天子,她们觉得自己的心有了依靠,可是自己的真心却被践踏;他们的真命天子一开始也以为自己已经够了解她们了,可是呢?最后才知道,自己知道的真是太少了……
  • 逆世袭

    逆世袭

    风,在凄凄的呜咽,诉说那无尽的哀思与悲痛。晚霞,似血泼染,那般的妖艳美丽迷人。老树,孤坟,山岗,洒落满地凋零残叶,诉说着无尽阴谋陷阱。一曲哀歌,慢慢牵拉着每一个人的宿命,一枚枚音阶之中,是否隐藏着生机?一段仇恨,慢慢牵拉出一个个窜连的阴谋,一个个阴谋之后,又会隐藏着怎样的惊天大秘密?新人新作,跪求点击,推荐,收藏